Hektor and Paris Essay Example for Free

Hektor and Paris Essay The Illiad is an ancient Greek epic poem which comprises of twenty-four books. It is believed to be composed in the 8th century BC. It describes the events of the Trojan War, a conflict between Greece and Troy that took place four centuries earlier. The initial cause of the Trojan War was the abduction of Helen, the queen of Sparta, by Paris, aTrojan prince. As the poem unfolds more and more is apparent as we are introduced to new characters, who we see develop in new situations. Distinctive characters are formed within the Illiad as Homer has made their importance and significance to the story apparent. Two such characters are Hektor and Paris, whom I am going to analyse thoroughly by referring to books three and six. Paris is the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, and brother to Hektor. He is also referred to as Alexandros in the Illiad. In Book three we are first introduced to Paris very early on, on the battle field, just as the Achaians are approaching. He is described as Alexandros the godlike. Throughout the Illiad Homer uses many references to refer to Paris. He refers to Paris as the hero, as godlike and even as son of Priam. Homer also uses the same technique in reference to Hektor. Hektor is also the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba as he is brother to Paris. Hektor is referred to as the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He is also referred to as tall Hektor, as beloved of Zeus and as the slayer of men. Although these references are insightful, they are vague. To understand these characters true personalities we must look closer at the text and the context in which they are present in. Pariss character is apparent and definable from the context in book three alone. We learn a lot about him and how he is perceived, not just by his family, but also his people. Our first description of Paris in book three is in his armour as he is prepared for combat. He is described as wearing across his shoulders the hide of a leopard, curved bow and sword; while in his hands shaking two javelins pointed with bronze. This brief description is insightful as we can deduct a lot about his personality just from his attire. The fact that Paris is intending to use a curved bow in combat is significant. A curved bow was seen as a cowardly means of fighting as it involves attacking from a safe distance, as no physical combat is therefore necessary. This suggests that Paris has no real intention of fighting appropriately but is just present for show. The fact Homer has described his attire in so much detail further exemplifies this. The leopard across his shoulders is symbolic of the great Herakles whom fought and killed a leopard as part of his twelve labours. Perhaps Homer is suggesting that although Paris may appear to be of the same physical stature as Herakles, he certainly doesnt posses the same courage and fighting ability. Pariss cowardly nature is then confirmed as when he saw Menelaos showing among the champions, the heart was shaken within him; to avoid death he shrank into the host of his own companions. Although we do not get a direct insight into Hektors fighting capability in books three and six, he is constantly referred to as the mightiest warrior of the Trojans and slayer of men. We do however get an insight into Hektors leadership qualities, which Homer runs parallel and contrasts to Pariss gutless nature. After Hektor confronted Paris on the battlefield he confronted the rest of the Trojan and Greek  army to inform them of how the battle could be resolved. Hektor hearing his word was happy and went into the space between and forced back the Trojan battalions holding his spear by the middle until they were all seated. But the flowing-haired Achaians kept pointing their bows at him with arrows and with flung stones striving ever to strike him. This point the situation is very perilous for Hektor as he is being attacked from all sides. Homer has to bring in Agamemnon to deal with the situation and calm his men down to hear what Hektor has to say. It is only after the men are calmed that we see Hektors great leadership qualities as he sustains the attention of both sides of the army and clearly presents them with an ulterior way of resolving the war. This scene is interesting as Hektor is portrayed strangely in a heroic light. Here Hektor is being confronted by the entire Greek army yet doesnt stand down or hide away, he faces up to them in an attempt to get his message across. This situation mirrors Pariss, when he fled and hid on the battlefield because he confronted by just one warrior. Although Paris appears to possess greater strength and courage, it is actually Hektor who does. Homer has clearly distinguished a difference in character between the two brothers here. Paris is portrayed as an effeminate character in comparison to the rest of the male characters in several ways. It has already been established that he is not a great warrior as he posses no courage or strength. The degree of precision which Paris takes in putting on his armour is humorous as his vanity shines through. First he placed along his legs the fair greaves linked with silver fastenings to hold the greaves at the ankles. Not only is the style in which he dresses himself effeminate but also the  extent of his armour. The fact that everything is trimmed with silver and that his helmet is well-fashioned illustrates this. The idea of Pariss looks being his  distinguishing characteristic is again exemplified when he is being referred to by Aphrodite. Shining in his raiment and his own beauty; you would not think that he came from fighting against a man; you would think he was going rather to dance, or rested and had been dancing lately. This description is very insightful as Homer is almost suggesting that Paris is only fit for and suitable for dancing, he is not made to fight, unlike his brother Hektor.

Effects of Dementia

Effects of Dementia Unit standard 23920 Task 1: 1.1: 1.2: A, Dementia and delirium: B, Dementia and Depression: 1.3: A, Alzheimers disease: In the brain of client who has Alzheimers disease have large amount of plaques and tangles in the brain and nerve cells. Most of nerve cells are death The person who has Alzheimers disease get every easy to lost of memory, and also the way to think logically is reduced therefore they can not make a decision for themselves. From day to days the way to expressed behaviors of person who has Alzheimers disease are changed. Some client has Alzheimers disease regularly going to loss of language skill. From the beginning of Alzheimers disease until the end the personality of the client are changing very quickly and their emotion is unstable, up and down all the time. B, Vascular dementia: The person who has vascular dementia normally has a number of small stroke and the stroke damage the brain associated with learning, memory and language, and also in the brain of client regularly appear amounts of plaques and tangles. The communicated between the brain and another part of the body is not well anymore therefore the client may get very slowly and lethargy; sometime it can lead to lack of bladder control. Some clients may get depression and their emotion changing very quick. They always get confused and get problem with remember the memory; short term memory. Most of client who has vascular dementia feel very hard to walking because of unsteady and unstable. C, One type of dementia: Parkinsons disease: The brain of person who has Parkinsons disease appear amounts of plaques and tangles inside the brain and the nerve cells also, therefore can lead to loss of nerve cells. The patient have a slowly thinking process and in daily living activities also. The client has Parkinsons disease can feel quite difficult to concentrate in something. The client with Parkinson’s disease has poor judgments therefore they cannot make their own decision. The client has a poor motivation. 1.4: The most significant risk factor of dementia is age. The number of person who is over sixty-five is quite high, according to National Institute on Age information. The second risk factor is lifestyle specially the smoking and has alcohol intake person, researching shown that the people who has smoke and have much of alcohol intake are very easy to get atherosclerosis- one cause lead to dementia. The third one is cholesterol. In blood of human if have high levels of cholesterol can easier to get vascular dementia. 1.5: Cognitive effects at early dementia changes, the clients has difficulty with the short term memory. Therefore in daily living the client feel quite hard to following the conversation with others and regularly they feel lonely and depression, isolation. some of residents can feel quite hard to planning, organizing and making decision in their life. Therefore the client can feel confused because some of them cannot work of even make a decision for their life .They can feel lost and isolated. Functional effects : Some of client might have trouble with certain skills such as dressing, toileting, showering Because the communicated between the brain and some part of body is not good anymore therefore people become slower, some of clients may feel uselessness and worthlessness. Behavioral effects : The way to communicated and express of dementia client is quite strange therefore sometime the careers cannot understand of misunderstanding. The way of thinking of dementia client is also up normal, they just want to do the things they think it right, therefore sometime they can make other people feel embarrassed. Psychological effects: The person who has dementia can easily to anger and frustration, sometime they become over emotional, laughing and crying at the same time, therefore can make other people confused , misunderstanding. The client can easy to be depression, isolation with others, therefore in the daily living are quite hard to cooperate with the careers. Task 2: 2.1: Relationship: All of family members and friends should be encouraged to participate and share in leisure and social experiences. The relationship between staff, the family members and the person with dementia need to be developed and trusting, therefore its can bring some of benefit for dementia client such as the social, spiritual and emotional well being. With dementia client the environment around them are quite important, therefore some of social interaction between people with dementia and others resident can helpful. Communication: The way of communication of dementia resident is quite different from normal; therefore with the dementia client the best way to communicated is starting talking right in front of the client, not too close, using eye-contact and some of face expression. Otherwise , the speech and tone must be slow and gentle when talking with dementia client, do not shouting or screaming Dementia resident still can talk but the speech of talking is quite slow therefore the health care assistance need to be very patient and allow them to talk, give them the choice and independent. Individual: All of family members and health care assistance should treat the dementia resident with the individual and give them the respect. Dementia resident need to be encouraging and respect with the choice in their life. Some of dementia resident still can do some things independent such as washing face, eating, drinking, therefore the careers need to understand and give them independent as much as they can do. Feeling: The emotion of dementia client is always up and down, unstable anymore, therefore they can easier be sad and isolation. With this situation, the health care assistance need to spent time, be patient and encourage them to talk make them feeling better. The careers need to patient, encouraged the dementia talking and be listening , understanding and give them the advise with the respectful. Abilities retained: The careers always give the opportunities for people with dementia to respond appropriately and utilize their abilities. The careers need to known about care plan of the resident therefore they can know what sort of activities the clients love to do in the past and give them suggest some of the activities similar with their interested in the past. Needs of the person with dementia: Psychological need: the dementia resident need a person to understand and listening to them, therefore the careers need to have some knowledge about dementia resident and give some advice for them. Physical need: some of dementia resident’s motilities are quite week there for they need a support of motilities aids such as walking frame or hip protector. Moreover, others dementia client have a problem with the communication therefore they need some communication aid to support them communicated with other people. 2.2: Relationship: the relationship between the family, friends and the healthcare assistance with dementia resident is very important with dementia client. All the careers can be the stronger supporter for the dementia client. Feeling: The feeling is also very important with dementia resident. The careers always need to know how can make the resident feeling better and also make sure that they have knowledge their feeling. Needs: all the needs seem to be one of the significant important things with the dementia resident, its can make dementia resident feeling more securities and safe, more confident and happier. 2.3: The meaningful activities are quite important with dementia resident. Some of them may not doing these activities anymore because of some weakness side in the body but they still can remember the feeling when they was played this game and it is can make them feel better . In some how it can remind the client to the happy memories in the past with the games. Moreover the meaningful activities can make the dementia feeling happier when join activities with others resident therefore they will be more confident and their communication skill will be better. Task 3: 3.1: 1, Verbal communication: The way of communication of dementia resident is quite difficult to understand because dementia process can lead to the decrease of communication. When they talking might not make sense therefore can make other people confused. The speech of communicated also quite slow and might be stuck to finding some words or sentences. 2, Vocalization: Some of dementia resident who cannot talk may expressed their communication through noisy behavior such as screaming, moaning, singing. Some of them might repetitive speech, make some stranger noise, these mean they might need your attention. 3, Gestures: Some of dementia client might not have problem with vision and communication, they might using some of signal like tapping ,waving , pointing, shrugging, .etc to communicated. Some of them might try to touch you to get your attention. With different client have different culture may have some different gestures and have some different meaning. 4, Communication aids: With different client might using different communication aids like with person cannot talk, they can using communication card or picture book to communicated. Some of dementia resident might using talking mats to communicate or through music to express the communication 3.2: 1, Sensory losses: With the older ageing, some of the client may have a problem with the hearing but they did not have the hearing aid on therefore they cannot listen clearly or might misunderstanding when communicated. Some of them have a poor vision but they did not wear glasses so they cannot see the body languages of others people who want to communicated with them. Some of dementia resident cannot say properly and cannot listen properly also can be the barrier for them when communicated. 2, Communication partner: Some of dementia resident cannot talking therefore they need the communication partner to help them to express what they want, the communication partner may be their family, their friends, but sometime they are not available to communicated. 3, Heath status: Some of dementia resident have a short term memory or have memory loss therefore it is seemed to be quite hard to communicate. With some of dementia client who can have stroke or illness cannot have abilities to communicate with others. Some of disease can lead to a barrier in communicated of dementia client is UTI, depression and Parkinson. 4, Environment: The noisy, large environment might make the communicated of dementia resident become harder like they cannot speak louder or cannot hearing properly. Sometime the person who is communicated with the dementia resident may speaking too fast that will make dementia resident confused and misunderstands. 5, Culture: Some of resident who can speak other languages when they have dementia they might come back and speak in their own languages therefore the healthcare assistance cannot understand what they want to say. 6, Age: It is seem quite difficult when the dementia resident talking with younger person. Some of younger they speak quite fast or speak in younger expression therefore the dementia resident cannot understand what they want to say. Because of the orderly process, the dementia may feel quite difficult to find the words and their speech when speaking is quite slow. 7, Gender: There are a different in communicated between male resident and female resident. Normally the male resident may not likely to share the emotion or thinking to others than female. The way of expression in male resident might stronger and they might use different words than female resident. 8, Reverting to original languages: Some of resident they are from another country, they used to speak in another language but they have not using it for a long time. And then when they get dement, they might come back to speak in their own languages, these can made the careers and others be confused and misunderstanding. 9, Expressive and receptive communication problems: Some of client with dementia they cannot communicate and express their needs because they have a trouble to finding the words and sentences. Sometime the dementia client might not able to understand how to communicate in verbal or non-verbal. They might not able to understand the word form, reading and writing also. 3.3: 1, Communication partner: Some of the dementia client might get confused with the communication partner therefore you need to make sure the partner is introduced clearly to the client. Always make sure that the client is feeling comfortable with the communication partner. The communication partner and the ways of communication, the expression of the client need to be recorded. 2, Environment: The environment of communication need to be sure that the client can hearing properly and feeling comfortable during communicated. The familiar environment is recommendation to against the confusing and scaring during communication period. 3, Verbal and Non-verbal: The communicated person need to make sure that talking clearly, slowly, easy to understand. They can using the eye-contact and remember give them a time to understand and communicated. With non- verbally, they can using a body languages, touching in the hand and shoulder, using some picture to communicated. 4, Singing: The careers can using the song which one the client love to hear can make the client feeling better, happier. Moreover it is can help client remember the happy memory make them feeling more relaxed. The singing can be one of the ways of communication and also can help the client feeling happier. 5, Music: The careers may use the music to encourage communicated with dementia resident. The music might be a solution to make the dementia resident calm down and relaxed. 6, Activities: The activities might help dementia resident to communicate with others people to increase confident. Also the activities can help dementia resident more relaxation, made them more opened with others. 7, Communication aids: Some of the communication aids might help dementia resident who are not able to talk can communicated with others via picture book, picture, board, etc. Communication aids can make the resident more confidence to talking with others. Vijay Kumar

America Must Destroy the Terrorist Networks Essay -- Terrorism War Ter

America Must Destroy the Terrorist Networks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one hears the word â€Å"terrorism,† a thought of a bombing, an explosion, a gunshot, or a hi-jacking comes to mind. How do individuals and organizations justify these acts of terror? These acts can be described as terrorist actions. Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to achieve certain political, economical, or social aims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I heard about terrorists hijacking airplanes full of civilians and flying them into the World Trade Centers in New York, the Pentagon, and a rural field in Pennsylvania, I didn’t know what to think of all this. It came with no warning, no declaration of war, no goals or sense to these attacks. No one had the courage to claim responsibility for the attacks. But I knew the US would respond with great perseverance and endeavor to remove the scourge of such terror from the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was overwhelmed with sadness and sorrow for the fallen and for their families. The terrorists took from their victims all that they have ever been and all that they ever will be. They left thousands of husbands and wives bereft of their spouse. They took away a parent or parents from thousands of children. They ended the hopes of families to have subsequent generations. They killed off family names, dreams, and futures. They have left parents and grandparents grieving to see their children and grandchildren die before them. They destroyed the lives and ...

The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde and a Selection of Sherlock

In this essay the representation of the city will be explored in the writing style of the Fin de sià ¨cle. This essay will investigate The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde and a selection of Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Both books represent the city differently in some aspects, and in others, share similarities. Point one: dirty Dorian Gray is set in the late 19th century, in the middle of the decadent artistic movement, meaning Dorian would have been a fictitious contemporary of Wilde. Although the Victorian period was plagued with conservative views , Wilde has used Dorian to express the double standards those of the city’s elite indulge. Dorian sees between both ends of the social scales. But despite Dorian disapproving/disgusted he still visits the ‘narrow and gloomy’(Wilde,182) streets of the east end. As Richard Elman agrees ‘between these two worlds, no decent or comfortable middle classes , no quite family life, no dormitory sections in wildes vision of the big city’(p51). Dorian seems ignorant to the plight of people around him less fortunate. He uses this depressing environment as escapism, despite being inescapable to the poor people who live in the area whom opium dens, prostitution and filth are a reality. (Elman,154) P2-Sherlock Holmes-copper beeches) An alternative view of being able to disguise is that it is hard to realise that Holmes is one of these disguised people too. Holmes is a rational man in his work, but outside of that he is a drug addict, who ‘stores his tobacco in eccentric places like the toe of a Persian slipper’ (19th Century suspense, 93).In a city of thousands, Sherlock can easily flit in and out of society. Holmes is aware that vast amounts of crime happens everywh... ...ood, which means allot of things, are overlooked. The city environment allows him to seem as if he is a functioning like any other member of decent society. As this essay has shown, both texts use a variety of methods to show the opinions of the time and author. Wilde uses his character to portray the double standards and decadence of the age. While Doyle similarity uses Sherlock and Watson as moral compasses. Although on the face of it both Dorian and Sherlock seem polar opposites, they do share similarities; the city is seen as a corruptible force by the authors. Some people fight this, like Holmes and Watson, but others cannot or will not as in Dorians case. In the end, the city changes its inhabitants whether they like it or not. Works Cited http://www.angelfire.com/ok5/perceivers/images/Scandal.pdf http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1661/1661-h/1661-h.htm#1

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Program

Alexander Hamilton was to say in 1792, â€Å"Most of the important measures of every government are connected with the Treasury†. This simple yet profound axiom he had come to as a result of his reflections on the nature of statecraft and the obligations of government. Installed in office, he had accepted this as his guiding principle. The basic nature of public finance to assure stability and promote welfare has been alluded to in these observations again and again.A government that keeps its own house in order both attracts and creates confidence: to the financing of its own obligations and for the support of those business ventures, or enterprises, without which a society cannot create employment and wealth. The Treasury at once became the largest and the leading office of the government. Its interests ramified into the whole economic life of the nation. It was intimately associated with commerce and shipping; with the commercial banks of the nation; with a large part of th e country's farming community.It bought the army's supplies, it sold the nation's public lands, it negotiated with foreign governments. This was not usurpation: for Congress, in establishing the Treasury Department, had given it wide powers independent of the Executive. Hamilton was simply utilizing his opportunities. All this did not fail to create unease and then dissent. Madison, originally the Administration's spokesman in the House of Representatives, left Hamilton's side in the battle over the assumption of the state debts.Jefferson, who at the start had expressed his satisfaction with the Constitution and Hamilton's funding proposals, more and more saw their differences in terms of power: an energetic government could become an irresponsible, and therefore a dangerous, one. By the spring of 1792, there was an organized opposition to the Administration with Hamilton the chief focus of distrust. The charges against Hamilton ran the whole gamut from truth to falsity.It was being said, he was consistently the friend of a speculative interest, he unduly favored commerce and finance at the expense of agriculture, he himself was personally involved in questionable practices. He was subverting democracy; he was preparing the way for a monarchy. These charges were both unkind and untrue. Hamilton was indignant at accusations directed against his personal rectitude; and he had every right to be. If there was a public servant in all of America's annals who conducted himself with exact propriety, it was he.From the vast operations in the public funds, neither he nor his family ever benefited; and he quit his post after more than five years in office a poor man. In one of his letters to Washington, he cried out against his detractors: â€Å"I have not fortitude enough always to hear with calmness calumnies which necessarily include me. . . . I trust I shall always be able to bear, as I ought, imputations of errors of judgment; but I acknowledge that I cannot be ent irely patient under charges which impeach the integrity of my public motives or conduct. â€Å"As for seeking to undermine democracy, it again must be noted that Hamilton was distrustful of democracy only in its equalitarian sense. He was not convinced of the equality of talents among men; he was realistic concerning their motives and knew how quickly they could be encouraged to yield to passion and enmity. He believed in government by the people, but on the representative principle, and he was prepared to accept the guidance of leaders as long as they regarded office as a public trust. The charge that he was a monarchist was a political one designed to embarrass him; it never had any foundation in fact.Hamilton was against any kind of discrimination; the debt was to be purchased from those now in possession at full value. In the handling of a problem like this, Hamilton was at his best: he knew how to marshal arguments tellingly and present them simply. The carrying out of the det ails of a plan based on discrimination would be immense, the difficulties insurmountable. Further, discrimination was unconstitutional; it ran counter to the position of Congress, expressed as early as 1783. Most important of all:The impolicy of a discrimination results from two considerations: one, that it proceeds upon a principle destructive of that quality of the public debt, or the stock of the nation, which is essential to its capacity for answering the purposes of money – that is, the security of transfer; the other, that, as well on this account as because it includes a breach of faith, it renders property in the funds less valuable, consequently it induces lenders to demand a higher premium for what they lend, and produces every other inconvenience of a bad state of public credit.Hamilton then went into great detail on a number of technical matters: how the state debts were to be assumed; the different methods of funding; what sources of revenue could be tapped for i nterest payments and debt service. In connection with the last, he proposed to set aside receipts from duties on imports and tonnage, and impose new taxes on wines, spirits (including those distilled within the United States), teas and coffee. Wise politicians, he had noted in one of his earliest memoranda, ought to â€Å"march at the head of affairs,† and â€Å"produce the event†.How then produce the event? He had, if possible, to contrive measures which should be immediately and strikingly effective, and at the same time provide a basis for permanent development. The exigencies of the moment, however, were decisive. To restore the public credit was the first step toward buttressing the national government. The measures Hamilton adopted, all directed to this one purpose. In his Report on Public Credit (1790) he advocated full payment of public debts, including those incurred by the States â€Å"as the sacred price of liberty.† He would thus â€Å"cement the Un ion† by establishing the national credit, and by enlisting the support of all holders of public securities. In his Report on a National Bank (1790) he revived, in new form, the project of his Letter to Morris of 1781. He remembered how an English government, after a revolution, had chartered the Bank of England, in order to solve its financial difficulties, and at the same time to solidify the Whig mercantile interest in its support. By incorporating a similar syndicate he could accomplish the same purposes.He must of course draw upon the â€Å"implied powers†; he had long since seen that only thus was it possible to meet the needs of government. In his famous Report on Manufactures ( 1791) he proposed government aid to â€Å"infant industries,† in order to assure in war a â€Å"national supply,† to establish economic along with political independence, and in general to develop the national resources. Contemplating a wise central management of the whole Am erican estate, he foresaw local swallowed up by national interests in a country self-contained and self-sufficient.In a letter written near the end of his career Hamilton struck an unusual note of despondency. â€Å"Mine,† he says, â€Å"is an odd destiny. Perhaps no man in the United States has sacrificed or done more for the present Constitution than myself; and contrary to all my anticipations of its fate, as you know from the very beginning, I am still laboring to prop the frail and worthless fabric†¦. Every day proves to me more and more that this American world was not made for me†¦. The time may ere long arrive,† he adds, â€Å"when the minds of men will be prepared to make an effort to recover the Constitution, but†¦we must wait a while†. Hamilton was clearly undervaluing his own labors. If he seemed to fail, it was because he had gone too fast and had neglected elements of the problem which to the country seemed essential. Hamilton's idea l conception of government was never realized, but it has perhaps made some contribution to the general theory of politics. By a recent writer it has been identified with that of Hobbes – the â€Å"leviathan state†. With this indeed it has something in common – in its outlook, even in its principles.Hamilton believed in an undivided and indefeasible sovereignty, and in the subject's duty of disciplined obedience. He believed it the duty of the sovereign jealously to protect its own sovereignty, and to provide for the subject's welfare by well considered and strictly enforced laws. He believed in a wise and benevolent paternal government. Not, however, in an absolute one. Taking over the conception of the strong state as he found it in Hobbes and elsewhere, he modified it to suit his own purposes, by adapting it to American conditions, by attempting to make it at once strong and responsible.He clearly added to it a new element in combining it with universal manho od suffrage. He took care to introduce also other principles of representation and carefully devised safeguards on the popular will. Thus he sought to make his state not only powerful and permanent, but balanced and responsible – indeed the more permanent because balanced and responsible. He attempted to reconcile apparently conflicting, but, as he thought, essential principles by turning the leviathan state into a republic.Though not in its fulness realized, his conception has influenced the political thought not only of America but of Europe. Confidence had been destroyed under the Congress and the Confederation; and to its restoration Hamilton set to work at once. In less than three years, as the Secretary of the Treasury, as the result of a series of masterly reports all but one of which ended in legislation, Hamilton laid the basis of the financial integrity of the United States. His brilliant mind ranged over every aspect of the government's needs.He concerned himself w ith the debt – its assumption, consolidation, funding, and management and redemption; he watched the revenue inflow – recommending and obtaining new sources when government outlays increased; he pressed for and obtained the creation of a national bank – to act as a government depository and lender and to safeguard the money supply of the nation; he established a mint – thereby fixing the gold-silver ratio and assuring a bimetallic standard for the United States; he worked ceaselessly to attract foreign capital into the United States – to provide the funds for private banking institutions, public works projects, even manufacturing.

Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS UNDER NIGERIAN LEGISLATION Introduction A contract is an agreement which is legally binding on the parties to it and which if broken may be enforced by action in court against the party that has broken it. A contract may be void or voidable. A void contract is that which lacks the essential ingredients or elements of valid contract and therefore of no legal effect. A voidable contract is that which is valid in the first place but may be ended at the instance of one of the parties to it.Such contracts include guarantee with a bank of money lender, hire purchase and sale or leasing of land. The legal consequences of non-compliance are that they are not enforceable at law though they are not necessarily void. However, some categories of contracts must of necessity be in writing or else they shall be void absolutely. These include transfer of shares, marine insurance and hire purchase agreements. As a general rule also, all contracts are in the nature of agreement: h owever, not all agreements may constitute a contract properly so called.For instance, an agreement for the sale of a parcel of land is intended to be binding and enforceable at law, whereas, an invitation to a luncheon which after all, did not hold may not be enforceable at the suit of the disappointed party. A contract may also be under-seal or by deed and may be simple or oral. It may be express when it is written or implied when it is inferred from the conduct and acts of the parties. In addition, there can be bilateral contract between two parties or multi-lateral contract among parties depending on the nature of obligations to be performed under the agreement.Condition and warranty are the two basic types of express terms in a contract. Whether a term is a condition or warranty depends on the intention of the parties. A condition is a vital term which goes to the root of the contract. Breach of a condition entitles the innocent party to repudiate the contract and to claim damag es. A warranty is a term which is subsidiary to the main purpose of the contract, breach of which only entitles the innocent party to damages. FORMATION OF A VALID CONTRACT The main requirements of a valid contract are as follows: 1. there must be an offer; . there must be an acceptance; 3. there must be consideration; 4. parties must have full contractual capacity; 5. there must be an intention to create legal relations; 6. object of the contract must not be unlawful nor illegal; 7. prescribed formalities must be followed, for example, it should be in writing or by deed. Forms of Contract Contract supported by consideration are essentially expected to be in writing,. It is however important to note that a contract may also be oral or implied and yet be binding on the parties depending on the peculiar circumstances.The fact remains that a contract may not be taken as being invalid or unenforceable for the mere fact that it is not in a written form. Te court would normally not assist any person who was lured into an oral agreement. Writing merely facilitates the interpretation or proving of the terms of the contract barring which it may not be all that necessary. In considering commercial contracts under Nigerian legislation however, we would evaluate three of such contracts which are: ? hire purchase; ?sale of goods; ?agency. AGENCY CONTRACT IntroductionAgency is a relationship that exists between two persons, one of whom expressly or impliedly agrees that the other should represent him or act on his behalf. The one that is represented is called the principal while the person representing or acting on somebody’s behalf is called Agent. Agency relationship involves the consent of the agent and the principal that one should act for the other. It thus arises from a contract or agreements express or implied. Ofodile v. Chinwuba Generally, the relationship of principal and agent may arise in three main ways: 1.By agreement , whether contractual or not expres s or implied in nature 2. By subsequent ratification by the principal of the agent’s act done on his behalf, and 3. By operation of law under the doctrine of necessity Whether or not an agency relationship exists would largely depend on the true nature of the agreement and the circumstances of the relationship between the principal and the agent. In another vein, the law of agency consists of the law of the employer and the employed, where the employment consists of bringing the employer into contractual relationship with the third party.This relationship is simply referred to as â€Å"The Master and Servant† relationship under the labour law and for which there is a vicarious liability. An agent should be distinguished for an independent contractor. An independent contractor is the person who negotiates with the third party on his own behalf. An independent contactor is a person liable to give contract for service while and agent or servant renders contract of service . An independent contractor is personally liable at law for his actions. An agent is not a trustee of the goods in his care not being the legal owner.The extent or scope of the Agent’s discretion is determined by his principal’s instructions. Legal title always remains in the principal. An agent can therefore not give good title all by himself. CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCY a. Special Agent: This is someone who has authority to do some particular act on behalf of his principal though not a continuous basis; for instance, a special order to purchase a house or a vehicle. b. General Agent: this is someone who has power to act for his principal in all matters involving business or trade, for example a solicitor or legal practitioner. . A Factor Agent: He is an agent who sells or disposes of goods that are entrusted to him. His activities are governed by the Factors Act 1889 (UK d. Broker Agent: He negotiates ad makes contract for the sale and purchase of goods. However unlike a factor he is not left in possession of the goods. Typical example is insurance Brokers and Stock Brokers. e. Universal Agent: This is someone who represents various principals in many aspects of trade. He is appointed by a Deed under Power of Attorney and has wide powers. f.Mercantile Agent: He represents someone in commercial and certain aspects of trade. Their duties are more or less similar to those of the factor agent g. Auctioneer: He represents a principal in the disposal of real properties. They are usually licensed to sell properties of Mortgagors who have defaulted in payment. Auctioneer acts between the Vendor and the purchaser. He receives commission and invariably sells to the highest bidder. h. Estate Agent: These deal in the acquisition of, valuation of an disposal of properties i.Del-Credere Agent: This is a mercantile agent who, in consideration of extra pay, that is del-credere commission guarantees to his principal that the 3rd party with whom he enters into cont ract on behalf of the principal shall duly pay the sum becoming due under the contract. In effect a del credere agent is a surety of the person with whom he deals. This is just a form of guarantee which may not necessarily be in writing in order to be enforceable at law. CREATION OF AGENCY It may be created in two broad ways namely: (a)Expressly and (b) impliedly a. Express Creation: . By deed – this involves issuing an authority in writing with the necessary instruction and attestation clauses. That is signed, sealed and delivered. This process is known as the granting a Power of Attorney. 2. Oral instruction – This is agency by appointment, it deals with express authorisation of the principal to the agent to act for him b. Implied Creation 1. Agency of necessity – This is created by act of person who normally had no authority but was compelled to reasonable act to protect the interest of the 3rd party especially during an emergency situation. 2.Agency by Estop pel: – This is a type of agency that can be inferred form the conduct of the parties. If the situation that exists suggests that parties want to create an agency relationship, either of the parties is stopped form denying the existence of such a relationship. 3. Apparent Agency – This occurs where a principal has not taken due precaution to prevent a situation where somebody portrays himself as having power to act as his agent. 4. Agency by ratification – This occurs where the principal having full knowledge of the fact, accepts the benefits of the contract entered into by his apparent agent.Any act whether lawful or unlawful may be ratified provided it is not void. If it is voidable it is still capable of being ratified as long as it is valid. In Brook v. Nook where an agent forged his principal’s signature on a promissory note; it was held that the attempt at ratification was void. The principal must have capacity as at the date of the contract. In Keln er v. Baxter where a promoter tried to ratify some pre-incorporation contracts it was held that he could not succeed as the contracts predated the company.

An Overview of Ocean Currents and How They Circulate

Ocean currents are the vertical or horizontal movement of both surface and deep water throughout the world’s oceans. Currents normally move in a specific direction and aid significantly in the circulation of the Earth’s moisture, the resultant weather, and water pollution. Oceanic currents are found all over the globe and vary in size, importance, and strength. Some of the more prominent currents include the California and Humboldt Currents in the Pacific, the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current in the Atlantic, and the Indian Monsoon Current in the Indian Ocean. These are just a sampling of the seventeen major surface currents found in the world’s oceans. The Types and Causes of Ocean Currents In addition to their varying size and strength, ocean currents differ in type. They can be either surface or deep water. Surface currents are those found in the upper 400 meters (1,300 feet) of the ocean and make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean. Surface currents are mostly caused by the wind because it creates friction as it moves over the water. This friction then forces the water to move in a spiral pattern, creating gyres. In the northern hemisphere, gyres move clockwise; while in the southern  hemisphere, they spin counterclockwise. The speed of surface currents is greatest closer to the ocean’s surface and decreases at about 100 meters (328 ft) below the surface. Because surface currents travel over long distances, the Coriolis force also plays a role in their movement and deflects them, further aiding in the creation of their circular pattern. Finally, gravity plays a role in the movement of surface currents because the top of the ocean is uneven. Mounds in the water form in areas where the water meets land, where water is warmer, or where two currents converge. Gravity then pushes this water downslope on the mounds and creates currents. Deepwater currents, also called thermohaline circulation, are found below 400 meters and make up about 90% of the ocean. Like surface currents, gravity plays a role in the creation of deep water currents but these are mainly caused by density differences in the water. Density differences are a function of temperature and salinity. Warm water holds less salt than cold water so it is less dense and rises toward the surface while cold, salt-laden water sinks. As the warm water rises, the cold water is forced to rise through upwelling and fill the void left by the warm. By contrast, when the  cold water rises, it too leaves a void and the rising warm water is then forced, through downwelling, to descend and fill this empty space, creating thermohaline circulation. Thermohaline circulation is known as the Global Conveyor Belt because its circulation of warm and cold water acts as a submarine river and moves water throughout the ocean. Finally, seafloor topography and the shape of the ocean’s basins impact both surface and deep water currents as they restrict areas where water can move and funnel it into another. The Importance of Ocean Currents Because ocean currents circulate water worldwide, they have a significant impact on the movement of energy and moisture between the oceans and the atmosphere. As a result, they are important to the world’s weather. The Gulf Stream, for example, is a warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and moves north toward Europe. Since it is full of warm water, the sea surface temperatures are warm, which keeps places like Europe warmer than other areas at similar latitudes. The Humboldt Current is another example of a current that affects weather. When this cold current is normally present off the coast of Chile and Peru, it creates extremely productive waters and keeps the coast cool and northern Chile arid. However, when it becomes disrupted, Chile’s climate is altered and it is believed that El Nià ±o plays a role in its disturbance. Like the movement of energy and moisture, debris can also get trapped and moved around the world via currents. This can be man-made which is significant to the formation of trash islands or natural such as icebergs. The Labrador Current, which flows south out of the Arctic Ocean along the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, is famous for moving icebergs into shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. Currents plan an important role in navigation as well. In addition to being able to avoid trash and icebergs, knowledge of currents is essential to the reduction of shipping costs and fuel consumption. Today, shipping companies and even sailing races often use currents to reduce time spent at sea. Finally, ocean currents are important to the distribution of the world’s sea life. Many species rely on currents to move them from one location to another whether it is for breeding or just simple movement over large areas. Ocean Currents as Alternative Energy Today, ocean currents are also gaining significance as a possible form of alternative energy. Because water is dense, it carries an enormous amount of energy that could possibly be captured and converted into a usable form through the use of water turbines. Currently, this is an experimental technology being tested by the United States, Japan, China, and some European Union countries. Whether ocean currents are used as alternative energy, to reduce shipping costs, or in their natural state to move species and weather worldwide, they are significant to geographers, meteorologists, and other scientists because they have a tremendous impact on the globe and earth-atmosphere relations.

Blast and Cyanide Fishing - 622 Words

Blast and Cyanide Fishing Blast and dynamite fishing is the practice of using explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy collection. Fisherman used dynamite stolen from railway construction projects in East Java to catch fish such as Sardinella in Bali, Indonesia. The most recent type of explosives used are usually stolen or taken from construction sites. Dynamite and blasting caps are commonly utilized by both civilian and military construction teams in the many projects underway throughout the Pacific, Islands and can be readily utilized as fish bombs. Blast and cyanide fishing has been becoming an issue in the South Pacific, causing harm to the marine life and their habitats. The use of blast and cyanide fishing is very common throughout the tropical Pacific. Cyanide fishing believed to have originated in the 1950s by the Philippines. Blasting in the Pacific Islands began in earliest during and immediately after World War II, particularly in those islands touched by the war. When World War II v intage powder became rare, fishermen began to use commercially available explosive compounds. There is evidence that in the 1930s the Japanese used blast fishing in Southeast Asia waters. During the 1940s, blast fishing was widely practiced among Filipino fishermen who paid a high fee to the municipal authorities. After that, blast fishing has spread throughout South Asian waters, including Indonesia and Malaysia. Although blast and cyanide fishing might be easierShow MoreRelated The tragedy of the commons invading our environmental rights case study: coral reefs1983 Words   |  8 Pagespressures that are damaging reefs. These include, water pollution, tourism, increased coastal development, change in water temperature, runoff containing agricultural chemicals, and abrasions by ships. 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Physical impacts from tourist activities * Trampling  Tourists using the same trail over and over again trample the vegetation and soil, eventually causing damage that can lead to loss of biodiversityRead MoreEssay on A Better Earth4696 Words   |  19 Pagestoxic wastes are just a few of the maldies of our very ill earth. Like the doctors mentioned above, the experts are in a quandary as to what to do. The media regularly call attention to the earths poor health with such headlines and captions as Blast fishing turns sea-beds into Killing fields. A Billion Asians could be parched in 24 years. Forty million tons of toxic trash a year trades globally. Nearly two thirds of the 1,800 wells in Japan are contaminated with poisons. Oxon Hole Over Antarctic