Roles Responsibilities And Relationships In Lifelong Learning Education Essay

This assignment aims to analyze my voluntary ESOL Tutor function, duties and boundaries following with facets of statute law, advancing equality and diverseness in womb-to-tomb acquisition. Review points of referral ; measure my duties in relation to other professionals and explicate how to advance behavior and regard. Gravells writes that the function of a instructor is varied. Aside from learning he or she may happen oneself training, reding, preparation, measuring, mentoring, promoting and back uping scholars as and when necessary ( Gravells 2010, 8 ) and besides recommend instructors the learning rhythm activities including: Identifying demands, Planning, Designing, Facilitating, Assessing, and Evaluating. Students, particularly grownups wo n't appreciate a hostile or nerve-racking environment ; they will go forth the class at the first java interruption! I will take attention to fix the acquisition environment safe, secure, gratifying and guaranting it is suited and accessible for all scholars, both physically and emotionally, adhering to the Health and Safety at Work Act ( 1974 ) . To maintain their attending, I need to happen the right balance between the function theoretical account and the authorization figure in a manner that they feel respected and so esteem me and â€Å" puting land regulations helps everyone cognize their bounds † ( Gravells 2008 ) . The instructor promotes to all scholars ethical and societal values, irrelevant of their coloring material, sex gender, nationality or cultural beginnings. When â€Å" acquisition is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience † ( David A. Kolb, 1984 ) , successful accomplishmen ts are based on affecting and including scholars to show their point of position, collaborate and portion thoughts. Why are they making this class? What do they anticipate from it? What is their motive? â€Å" As a individual matures the motive to larn is internal † ( Knowles 1984:12 ) .Some grownups will make further surveies for a societal intent and others as a personal or professional development. The construct of motive based on demands was developed in 1943 by Abraham Maslow. His theory defines that † our endurance needs must be satisfied first † ( A.Maslow, 1943 ) . After that we are motivated to make our high degrees of demands. In Maslow ‘s hierarchy represented as a pyramid are included five ends: physiological demands, safety demands, love demands, esteem demands, and the demand for self-actualization. Using Maslow ‘s theoretical account when learning we approach and understand scholars ‘ demands. It is of import to place the scholar ‘s demands, so I can plan the class ( ESOL ) to reflect the single differences as: societal ( how the scholar ca n interact with others ) , physical ( how a scholar can entree larning holding cut down mobility ) , rational ( how a scholar addition new accomplishments ) , cultural ( might impact values and beliefs ) , emotional ( ability to concentrate ) . Once the demands of the scholars have been identified I would be after and plan the ESOL class stuffs and resources which meet the demands and the demands of the scholars, integrating a scope of relevant activities within the length of clip allocated to each Sessionss. Petty ( 2009 ) provinces, that scholar expect to be treated reasonably with no favoritism shown to any pupils. As a instructor I adhere to the Equality Act 2010 delivering or facilitating Sessionss to advance equality through inclusion of everyone, valuing diverseness utilizing distinction, avoid favoritism, and demo regard to all my scholars, whilst moving as a function theoretical account at all times. I will prosecute and actuate scholars, utilizing unfastened duologue to promote scholars to take part. I will be courageous and ambitious to make and develop effectual programs, clear purposes and aims and all records and paperwork up to day of the month and filled firmly, following with Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) . I will measure scholars reasonably utilizing multiple appraisals steps as: written trials, unwritten interview, category presentation, function drama, fill in the clean trial, multiple pick tests, observation and reexamine their advancement on an on-going footing, given them an accurate, concise feedback. This will assist me to find any single support required, to guarantee scholars development throughout the class. Their advancement and accomplishments can be recorded utilizing a scholar ILP or on a portfolio. After each session I would completeA a lesson rating ( study ) which includes: strengths of the session and countries for development and betterments. As a instructor I make certain that all press releases, lesson programs, presentations and any other authorship I use, is spellchecked as any spelling errors will reflect on the scholars! I understand that as a demand, I must guarantee to hold the cognition and attributes suited for the teaching place: being adaptative, effectual communicator, resourceful, empathic, compromising, confident, originative, dedicated, enthusiastic, flexible, patient, organised, professional, receptive, respectful, responsible, antiphonal, trusty, supportive and â€Å" the instructor ‘s ain uninterrupted professional development ( CPD ) † , ( Gravells 2010,8 ) . Teachers must move in a professional mode, understanding about learning and larning, keeping professional relationships ; adhere to the regulations, ordinance and statute law, codifications of pattern, respect pupil ‘s right to decline to unwrap sensitive information and maintain scholar ‘s personal information confidential. Other functions of a instructor are to intercede with external organic structures, mentioning scholars for reding and non at last to advance behavior and regard. Our purpose is to handle another with regard, portion our duties, moving as a function theoretical account, working alongside with the constabulary, local governments, and households to guarantee that good behavior and regard are promoted and everyone has the tools they need to stand against anti-social behavior.

Libertarianism and Redistribution of Wealth

The libertarian claim that any money gained though employment or business is none that they are fully entitled to is false, therefore the claim that the redistribution of that wealth through taxation Is a form of theft Is also false based on the grounds that no one fully owns all of their wealth. The reason that no one fully owns all of their wealth is that we live in a society where many aspects of our economy that contribute to the generation of wealth are paid for by society as a whole. An example of this is a child who goes to school.This child will graduate knowing how to read, write, do math, use computers, etcetera. These are all skills required both for them to have Income and for future employers o profit from. These skills allow employers to hire them knowing that they can have a basic level of expectation of this child, and even If they are not employed, business owners can also assume a basic level of expectation in the ability to use the products being sold. To clarify, let's look at an example using Bill Gates, one of the richest men in the world.Bill Gates would never have become wealthy if he did not have the basic expectation that the majority of people in America had the education and knowledge to use computers. He did not pay for this knowledge, society as a whole did. The fact that society Is responsible for educating our people to the basic level required for the use of Bill Gates' products Is the reason why Bill Gates does not fully own all of his wealth. Again, to own something is to assume that you are fully Bill Gates owes part of his wealth to society for the education it provided which allows us to use computers.Another reason why people do not completely own all of their wealth Is that we all owe something to the government who protects our wealth and our ability to gain wealth. The government provides security from outside influence in the world, laws which govern our business practices to protect us from each other, and allows the environment in which we are able to perform business. Because of these reasons we all owe the government because we are able to take advantage of the system that our government has provided.Since the wealthy are able to take a much greater advantage of this system, It Is natural to assume that the wealthy also owe more to the government than do the poorer and middle class citizens. The fact Is that we live in a society in which we are not paid for the labor we do or for the product in which we provide to society as a whole. Instead we are paid based on how well we are able to take advantage of the systems in place. This system allows for unfair advantages for some and the only way to balance out those unfair advantages is through taxation.As I nave calmer Deter, ten wangle purpose AT taxation In ten TLS place Is as a Tort of redistribution of wealth. Services need to be paid for and the government must have money in order to run. Taxation allows the government to redistribute wealth in a fashion which should be fair (though many times is far from fair) in order to provide the necessary services for our country to prosper. If our country has too large of a gap between the wealthy and the poor it also looses the ability create new wealth. What I mean is this. The wealthy are able to create wealth by taking advantage of the poor and middle classes.This is not always a bad thing however. Since the poor and middle class make up the vast majority of the countries' population, it is also them who purchase, manufacture, and provide the majority of the products and services offered by the wealthy. The wealthy are able to make money because the rest of the countries' citizens spend money. If these citizens have o money to spend there is no money for the wealthy to make and they must begin to look outside of our country for that wealth. Again, this comes down to the advantages provided by our government which allow for overseas trade and the import and export of goods an d services.If the wealthy are to take advantage of foreign trade, they again owe extra to the government, and society as a whole, for the advantage which is provided to them. In the end however, it is simply a good idea to redistribute wealth back to the poorer in our country in order to provide all citizens at the very least an opportunity to get some of that wealth back from them. Our economy is a never ending circle of exchanges in which the most affluent are able to take the greatest advantage, thus owing the most back to their government and society.I do agree that people have a right to their own property (as long as it was obtained honestly), however, how much property does one really need and to what extent do they really own it. There must be a point at which a certain amount of wealth is too much. How many of the richest people in the world will ever be able to spend all of their money? It is basically for this reason that I am against the views hat it should not be the go vernment's responsibility to use taxation as a way to redistribute income.This is in fact the sole reason for taxation in the first place and the reason why the rich pay a higher amount of tax than the poor. This higher taxation is especially necessary in a society such as ours where the average CEO make something along the lines of 400-500 times as much as the average worker (much higher than any other country in the world). I see no reason why we can't increase taxes on the richest in order to fulfill our obligation to the poor, not only at home but across the world.

Fight Club Conformity Analysis Essay

Conformity is a major theme in Fight Club, and there are a number of specific scenes that display the rejection of it and characters falling victim to it, sometimes unbeknownst to them. The Narrator, our main character, is a complex individual. He fits into almost every textbook example of social psychology. He is a complete nutcase. In fact, he is so incredibly insane, that he creates an imaginary friend with whom he transforms himself into a different person, free from the bonds of society, free from conformity, free to change the way he lives. Or does he? The film starts off with the Narrator losing sleep, for what reason we aren’t sure. He then proceeds to tell us how he lived his life. He works a 9 to 5 job in a cubicle with people that dress business casual. He owns a small apartment filled with furniture, appliances, and even dishware that he felt defined him best as a person. His Strinne green striped sofa. Rislampa wire lamps made out of environmentally-friendly unbleached paper. The Hovvetrekke Home Exerbike. He is obsessed with creating a self-image that is socially acceptable to others in his life. The Narrator starts breaking out of this normative mold when he meets Tyler Durden. He even proposes during a montage of his daily routine on the job, â€Å"If you wake up in a different time, in a different place, could you wake up as a different person?† Tyler is his fellow conspirator in his personal resistance, his partner in crime. He needed someone else to resist the social norms with, so he took the easy way out, and made one up. After the Narrator’s apartment blows up, he grabs a couple drinks with his new imaginary friend, and then shacks up with him. They start fight nights in the parking lot behind Lou’s tavern. As their group grows larger, they move it to Lou’s basement. The more Tyler and the gang meet at their fight club, the less the Narrator cares about his job and life, and the more anti-conformist he becomes. He strolls into work disheveled and with dried blood on his shirt. He’s missing some teeth. He smokes indoors. He just doesn’t give a shit. At one point our two main characters get on a bus. The Narrator glances up at a Gucci ad and says, â€Å"I felt sorry for guys packed into gyms trying to look like how Calvin Klein or Tommy Hilfiger said they should,† and remarking to Tyler, â€Å"Is that what a man looks like?† to which he responds, â€Å"Self-improvement is masturbation†¦now, self destruction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This particular scene is very ironic, as the Narrator is shunning something that he actually wants to be—Tyler is a projection of his ideal self. He even reveals this in the hotel room scene where the Narrator â€Å"realizes† that they are the same person: â€Å"All the ways you wish you could be, that’s me. I look like you wanna look, I fuck like you wanna fuck, I am smart, capable, and most importantly, I am free in all the ways that you are not.† Therefore, the Narrator is actually conforming by creating a self that is generally more likeable and accepted in society’s eyes. He caves in to normative social influence, and at the same time believes that he has completely rejected it. There is a double meaning to this however, in the one line that starts it off: â€Å"You were looking for a way to change your life. You could not do this on your own.† Tyler was the ally the Narrator needed to break the monotony of his daily routine, to break free from normative social influence. We need just one other person to believe in the cause. There can be a leader, but nothing will happen just because of one person. If you are starting a movement, or a revolution in this case, at least one other person needs to join your cause, and believe in it. That one member needs to privately accept the fact that what you are talking about, what you preach, is the actual truth. And, as more people join a movement, the less risky it is for others to join. â€Å"Fight club. This was mine and Tyler’s gift. Our gift to the world.† Tyler gave every â€Å"normal† man the keys to himself, the one everybody wants to be. As their fight club grows progressively larger, it raises the question: why are so many others conforming to something that they would normally never take part in? Are they rejecting social norms as well? Or has this fight club in turn become the norm, and therefore members are joining it to fit in? Perhaps it is a case of minority influence, when a few influence the many.  Tyler and the Narrator have held the same viewpoint for a while now, months even, that they do not care about clever art or Swedish furniture, and they are comfortable admitting that they have scars from fighting. With this unwavering view, others start to take notice, and even begin to respect their ideology. They join fight club to become loyal members. After a while, Tyler decides that they have to expand or â€Å"move out of the basement,† and hence creates Project Mayhem. People do not always cave into peer pressure. If that is true, then when do we break? When do we give in and conform? According to Bibb Penis Latanà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s social impact theory, it all depends on three specific factors: strength, how important the group is to you; immediacy, how close the group is to you in space and time; and the number of people in the group. The last factor operates differently than you might think however—the larger a group is, the less each additional person has an influence on others. Ever since starting the first fight club, Norton’s character has garnered such a reputation that he has gained a following. People start showing up on his doorstep, waiting and waiting until they gain permission to enter the house and start â€Å"training.† A sole applicant dressed in all black waits on their porch, by himself, for what appears to be days on end. Tyler comes out a talks smack, beats him with a broom, and talks some more smack. But the app licant isn’t going to give up easy. He wants to be accepted, and is willing to put himself through this rigorous test to become Project Mayhem’s first member. After Tyler lets him in, he shaves his head, with Tyler remarking that he looks like a monkey ready to shot into space. He has mentioned this earlier in the film: â€Å"The first soap was made from the ashes of heroes; like the first monkey shot into space! Without pain, without sacrifice, we would have nothing.† As soon as the first member is in, two more show up on the doorstep. It grows and grows and grows until Project Mayhem is no longer a small group, but an army. The Narrator says during this sequence â€Å"Sooner or later, we all became what Tyler wanted us to be.† Which was what? Mindless, obedient robots. And, since the first (and second) rule of Project Mayhem is â€Å"you do not ask questions,† not a single member can question the tasks they are given, and therefore are forced to conform to Tyler’s (or for the sake o f making sense, the Narrator’s) wishes. Like the Milgram experiments  and the My Lai massacre, Tyler’s robots are so obedient, that they won’t hesitate and question their actions or accept personal responsibility—they just do it. Tyler is capitalizing on the fact that they respect him for who he is and what he has done. They believe in Tyler and his decisions (â€Å"In Tyler we trusted†), as he was every member’s ally when they wanted to break out of their social norms and become the man they have always wanted to be. Obviously everybody thought about it. â€Å"People do it every day. People talk to themselves, people see themselves as they’d like to be.† Their basement get-togethers were right in everyone’s face—Tyler just made it visible. It was on the tip of everyone’s tongue; Tyler just gave it a name. Without the ability to question authority, Tyler’s â€Å"space monkeys† start wreaking havoc all across the city. It started out as â€Å"homework assignments,† destroying satellite antennas, magnetizing video rentals, and defacing billboards. Then it was amped up: trashing franchise coffee bars, setting buildings on fire, and blowing up pieces of corporate art. Members of Project Mayhem are comfortable with this, because according to their set of rules, they â€Å"have no names.† This is deindividuation at its finest. With such a large group of people, all in this case anonymous, nobody takes any responsibility for their actions. They even wear ski masks on a couple of their assignments, further deindividualizing them. A study done by Robert Watson in 1973 found that warriors who hid their identities before going into battle—for example, by using face and body paint—were significantly more likely to kill, torture or mutilate captive prisoner s than warriors who did not hide their identities. Thanks in part to their ski masks, one of the members of Project Mayhem dies on their last assignment; his body is brought back to the house. Here conformity is at its most rampant, as members will snap to whatever direction is given in a moments notice. Angel Face (Leto’s character) tells them to bury the body and immediately they start to lift it off the table. The Narrator stops them, shouting that he is a real person, a friend of his, a man with a name. One member instantly takes this information and transforms it to fit within the properties of their group, claiming â€Å"in death, members of Project Mayhem, have a name.† The other space monkeys surrounding the table then immediately start chanting his name, over and over. It is at this point that our main character snaps, and takes off  to find out what kind of monster he created.

Mozambique Flooding

Mozambique’s worst flooding in 50 years led to impacts and effects that devastated the country and the people not only socially but also physically and economically too. In the table below I have separated the floods’ effects into Short term and long term effects: Short term effectsLong term effects Electricity Cut-off- Electricity was cut off due to the torrential water’s force that swept away the electricity transmission towers. Death and severe injuries- 100s died as a result of the floods, thousands suffered from water-borne diseases and dysentery.Transport – Transport is a major struggle in LEDCs like Mozambique and the floods made that worse by wrecking 620 miles of roads and railways and also damaging vehicles, moreover this made rescuing, distributing food, drinks and aid even harder. Cleaning up the mess- All the debris and rubble left by the floodwaters which it gained through Hydraulic action and then traction or were ramshackle parts from build ings, took a lot of effort to manage and clear up, especially for Mozambique, being a LEDC country.Communication links broken- The communication links weren’t available everywhere in Mozambique in the first place so the residents didn’t get a warning. And by not being able to warn the people, more damages were made certain. Agriculture disrupted- Much of the land in Mozambique is dedicated to agriculture (62%) as it is a common job for Mozambicans. However, most of the crops were destroyed by the floodwaters, devastating the land owners and the country’s economic status further.Shortage of food and water- Lack of food and water was a temporary problem. The water most people drank was contaminated, thus people became ill by diseases such as; Dysentery, Typhoid, Cholera, etc. Homes and Buildings destroyed- Buildings in urban areas (Maputo, Beira) were entirely destroyed by the flood and the cyclone. Rebuilding them could take years and a lot of money.

Free Market and Market Character Essay

The main difficulty in tackling this question is squaring moral means with moral ends, (Wilkinson, 2008). Moral character, or virtue, is a means to achieving moral ends. As the socioeconomic structure changes so do the means of achieving moral ends. Free markets flourishes along fast socioeconomic change, and therefore market cultures are most likely to see a mismatch between the traits of moral character valued by the culture and the traits of character actually effective as means within the existing structure for achieving moral ends. Due to the indifference of each individual, perspectives vary according to the superannuated standards of our lagging moral culture while the system simultaneously delivers moral goods more effectively than at any time in human history. So, the correct answer to the question is: Yes, market societies corrode traditional moral norms, although this corrosion is an integral part of moral progress. John gray in his view of the effect of free market on market character suggests comparison of realistic alternatives and understanding how different systems promote divergent types of human character. His definition of a free market sidelines the view that free markets emerge spontaneously when state interference in the economy is removed, or simply free markets the ‘absence of government’. Instead markets in his view depend on systems of law to decide what can be traded as a commodity and what cannot. Therefore, free markets not only contain some moral restraints which are policed by the government, but also rely on property rights mostly created and enforced by the government. The free market as in the past mid-Victorian England came about not because the state withdrew from the economy, but rather because state power was used to privatize land that had been under various forms of common ownership, or not owned at all. Historically, it is evident that economic systems are living things, and rarely do free markets operate according to the established economic models; except in economics textbooks where markets are self-regulating. On the contrary, the relation between economics and ethics can be seen more clearly in the light that traits of character most rewarded by free markets are entrepreneurial boldness, the willingness to speculate and gamble, and the ability to seize new opportunities. In order to survive and prosper in free market economies one has to embrace such skills and risk-taking actions as retooling one’s skills, relocating and switching careers. According to Adam Smith, one of the originators of free-market economics, markets cannot be confined to the marketplace because free markets demand a high degree of mobility and an ingrained readiness to exit from relationships that are no longer profitable; a direct reflection of the humanity in our lives. Adam’s fear and Gray’s perception matter the least when it has been proved that though free markets reward some moral traits, they also undermine others. The moral hazards of free markets do not mean that other economic systems are any better. Therefore, no economic system can fully attend to every aspect of moral character; instead all rely on motives that are morally questionable. A sensible combination cannot be achieved by applying an ideal model of how the economy should work. Different mixes will be best in different historical contexts. But one thing is clear: a modern market economy cannot do without a measure of moral corrosion. Tyler (2008) is of the opinion that free markets operate like amplifiers; the abundance placed in our disposal tends to boost and accentuate whatever character tendencies we already possess. He believes that other features of the free market also encourage the better angels of our nature and discourage our destructive impulses; thus allowing people to realize a range of good intentions. Market-friendly societies are attractive to immigrants. Transparency International annually issues an index of the most corrupt places in the world to do business. The countries topping last year’s list were Iraq, Myanmar, and Somalia, while the least corrupt countries were Denmark, Finland, and New Zealand, all of which have active market economies. In relation to such a report, it is obvious that the rise of markets and the decline of corruption are part of a common and consistent thread of progress. Markets purpose to create a consensus around certain moral expectations: that agreements should be binding, that honesty is expected in transactions, and that economic actors are held accountable for broken promises. However not all markets are ‘free’ because ‘corrupt’ markets do not meet the above standards, as a similarly in a variety of other human imperfections. By making more social activity of every kind possible, the market creates greater scope for these vices. As observers of economic life, many of us focus too often on these sorts of negative examples. But we need to take a wider view of human progress. In the midst of our own long era of economic growth and expansion, it is obvious that the positive features of markets decisively outweigh their negative features. This is true not only because of the practical and material benefits of wealth creation but because of its beneficial effect on personal morality as well. Irrespective of the side taken by each market analyst, a common ground runs through in the aspects of moral and social issues. In his judgment, Globalization, leads not only to the creation and spread of wealth but to ethical outcomes and to better moral character among its participants. In contrast Hymowitz believes that market economies weaken the cultural conspiracy in three powerful ways. First, they introduce novelty, which tests established cultural habits and moral verities. Second, they provoke individual desire in ways that can easily weaken the self-discipline and moral obligations that make free markets flourish. And lastly, as they advance, market economies become more likely to treat the yet-to-be-socialized child as an autonomous, adult-like actor rather than as an undeveloped dependent. On the hand, subscribes to the liberal school of thought as pioneered by Adam Smith or Milton Friedman. According to this school of thought, freedom of the individual is the highest aim, and the ultimate test of a one’s character is his ability to pursue his own chosen goals in life without infringing upon the freedom of others pursuit of their own goals. From this perspective, free economic activity among individuals, corporations, and nations boosts such desirable qualities as trust, honesty, and hard work. Other panelists on the same big question, has each faithfully attested to his or her view but at one point came to the conclusion that the answer to this question depends on how one conceives the good life; prescribing that at all times we should ensure to take a wider view of human progress. ? References Jagdish, Bhagwati. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character? London. 2008 December 3, 2008. 3 March 2009 < http://www. templeton. org/market/PDF/Cowen. pdf> Tyler, Cowen. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character? London. 2008 December 3, 2008. 3 March 2009 < http://www. templeton. org/market/PDF/ Bhagwati. pdf> Will, Wilkinson. Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character, London. 2008 October 6, 2008. 3 March 2009 < http://www. willwilkinson. net/flybottle/2008/10/06/does-the-free- market-corrode-moral-character/> John, Templeton Foundation. â€Å"Supporting Science-Investing in the Big Questions: An interview with leading scientists, scholars, and public figures,† Does the Free Market Corrode Moral Character. 3 December 2008. 3 March 2009 < http://www. templeton. org/market/> Lockwood, Anne Turnbaugh. â€Å"Community Collaboration and Social Capital: An Interview with Gary G. Wehlage. † Leaders for Tomorrow’s Schools. 2 May 2001. 19 July 2001 http://www. ncrel. org/cscd/pubs/lead21/2-1m. htm>.

International Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Business Law - Assignment Example In a contractual relationship, both parties can create their rights and obligations. In other words, either party can discuss the tasks to be completed, the services or products to be provided, and the consideration that would be exchanged. Hence, a contract is a mean of structuring relationships. As there needs to be a consideration present in a contract, and not much elaboration is present on the value of the consideration, there are a lot of flexibilities in the manner in which contracts are developed (Smithies, 2007). Contracts can hence help structure commercial relationships, as in many commercial transactions the several characteristics are noted:- The payment mechanism would vary and be subjected to negotiations between both the parties The deal needs to be explained and contracts can help to explain this The legal enforcement provisions would vary – for example for land purchases the statutes applicable would vary from what applies for employment agreement The applica ble law in case of disputes Contracts tries to keep several parts as informal as possible, as for daily functioning, it would be difficult to have a contract that is formal and speaks in terms of strong legal language. The applicability of contract can be used for almost any kind of transactions, provided the same is for a legal motive, the parties are capable of entering into a contract, and thirdly that there is some kind of consideration involved. Damages and remedies can be prescribed and per the appropriately of the transaction and also the intentions of both the parties. The laws applicable and the primary court of jurisdiction can be inscribed as per the convenience of both the parties Dealings in contracts of the commercial nature require communication of a daily basis. Using modern technology, contractual documents and official business related testimonials can be sent across through email. A contractual agreement would respect the validity of such documents, as contracts a lso consider electronic documents of a legal nature For the convenience of commercial transactions, contracts can also be in an electronic form and would be legally valid with digital-signatures of both the parties A contractual agreement can bind a company for taking up a business transaction The intention of a contract agreement is not to create a legal relationship. Many of the commercial contracts try to ensure that legal terminologies are kept out as much as possible. A contract should not create a legal relationship, but the enforcement of the contract is such that it should be capable of legal enforcement in case one party is unable to keep up with the promises meant for the other party. In case one party defaults, the other party can look for enforceability of their rights through legal mechanisms in order to ensure smooth conductance of business. Besides, when consumers buy goods or use services, in order to ensure that the quality of goods or services is maintained, the sa me guarantee can be provided through a contractual agreement. A breach of contract would arise when the terms and conditions of the contract are not met by one party. For contractual disputes to be settled common law, statutory law, constitutional mechanisms, international trade agreements or conventions, consumer law, etc,

Week 3 discussion question 1 and 2 Personal Statement

Week 3 discussion question 1 and 2 - Personal Statement Example In the case of the oil embargo, it was being done just because politicians were playing economic war games using the people as their pawns. 2. Nixon lied about his knowledge of the watergate break-in and then tried to cover it up. If he had been open and honest with the american people from the beginning of watergate, do you think that we would have a better view of Nixon today? As part of his legacy, do you currently think that we can no longer trust our president and other politians? What makes you think so? The problem with President Nixon and Watergate is that he knowingly and willfully broke the law of the land in order to fulfill his selfish needs. It would not have mattered if he had come clean from the very beginning and confessed his activities to the people, he would have still violated the public trust. It is because of presidents like him that we have come to develop a distrust for the office of the president when it comes to certain issues. The Nixon presidency showed us that the presidents office is the highest office in the land, and also the most graft and corruption prone. Therefore, it would take a different kind of president and transparency in the White House to bring back the blind faith that people once had in the Oval

Three Forms Of Financial Market Efficiency Essay

Three Forms Of Financial Market Efficiency - Essay Example Operational Efficiency: One of the main preconditions for attaining allocational efficiency is the operational efficiency. An operationally efficient financial market is the one in which sellers and buyers are able to purchase the products and services at a price which is as low as possible considering the costs of providing the services (Hasenpusch, 2009). In such a market transaction costs as well as the administrative costs are minimized. Furthermore, lenders and borrowers are subjected to maximum convenience at the time of mobilizing the resources (Bhole, 2004). Â  Failure to attain operational efficiency means transaction costs are quite high and as a result number of financial transactions will be lowered. This, in turn, would make the companies delay their investment plans which may make the society worse off. The study on operational efficiency actually inspects whether the financial services that are offered by various organizations are provided without violating criteria r egarding industrial efficiency. In other words, any study on this concept examines the competition among various financial service providers as well as among various financial markets. Furthermore, it also examines the commission fees (Bailey, 2005).Informational Efficiency: ‘Information' has been one of the key aspects of the process of making financial markets efficient. Informational efficiency is referred to the degree to which prices of the assets reflect the information that is available to the investors.

Bank of America Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Bank of America - Case Study Example This paper analyzes the organizational and customer value situation of the bank with a view to making strategic proposals for improvement. The fact that BOA is a multinational corporation operating in several countries of the world gives them the upper hand over their competitors who have no global footprint. BOA’s global presence opens doors for unbounded opportunities for the bank to grow their revenues and profits(Degryse & Ongena, 2002). However, the global presence of the bank poses formidable challenges to the corporation. One of these challenges is to be found in the area of human resources. The bank must comply with the specific labor laws of every country where they operate. This is a daunting task with serious implications on the banks resources. Compliance with employment laws can be even more demanding where a country is divided into regions or states, and each has their labour laws(Degryse & Ongena, 2002). For example, each of the fifty or so states of the United States has their laws that govern employment. The bank must comply with the laws of all these states. Not doing so could result in legal suits that could cost the corporation a lot of money. Besides labor laws, the bank must comply with the taxation requirements of all the countries where they operate. Again, this is a demanding task that if not well managed could cost the corporation. Compared to two of their majorcompetitors, namely J.P. Morgan Chase Bank and Federal Credit Union (CFE), BOA is quite competitive. The main source of this competitive edge, though narrow, is the ban’s charges compared to what their rivals charge(Weinstein, Clasen, Lorenzo, & Roberson, 2014). For instance, with respect to a 48-month, car loan, BOA charges interest at the rate of 2.24% against Chase Bank’s 2.33% and CFE’s 3.35%. While this difference might appear marginally, it makes all the difference in a competitive environment with

Seven Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seven Years War - Essay Example During these seven years of battle, Britain and France differed and took parallel side in battle because both of them were eyeing North America as a colony of choice. India was dragged into war since it was a place of colonial interest by the major European powers, Britain and France. France got involved in the seven year’s war because it was interested in the colonies which by coincidence were also the target of Britain. 3Because of this conflict of colonial interest with each of the two counties wanting to have a larger sphere of influence, war was inevitable. In this case India was just a victim of circumstances, drawn into war unprepared and unwillingly. The war ended with the signing of the Franco-British Treaty in 1963. In this treaty, Britain took Canada and Florida initially controlled by France and Spain respectively. France controlled the West Indian cane islands allowing Spain take Louisiana. Britain won the war as it managed to take both North America and India as its colonies4. The seven years war crowned Britain the master in abroad colonies. Frederick II the Great retained Silesia affirming Russia’s as the main European

Conflict Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict Management - Essay Example First, explain the problem to the other party, however the language and mode of communication need to be convincing. The second step involves application of social skills to calm down the situation. This requires creativity in attracting the audience of the other partner. In such situation, if a sad mood exists, then allow time for calmness before proceeding (Konijn, 2008). The final step involves building a positive relationship. After explaining the challenge at hand, one needs to create a cordial and joyous relationship. This step is a bit difficult; however, creative skills in problem solving and conflict management need to apply to maximum to ensure that, the meeting ends in fine moods. In conclusion, the plan for interpersonal challenge management involves diverse skills of problem solving and apt communications skills. In addition, the fundamental aspect in this situation is the creation of a fine

Contemporary issues in employment relations - topic EMPLOYEE Essay

Contemporary issues in employment relations - topic EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT - Essay Example As part of organization, engagement of employees in the process line of production and running of organizations defines important tool in ensuring improved performance and institutional productivity. McLeod and Clarke (2011, pg. 1) define employee engagement as creation of opportunities for workers to interact with manager, colleagues and the wider organization. Engagement in employment setting also involves creation of environment that motivates employees and makes them want to link with work and care about performing their tasks appropriately. McLeod and Clarke elaborate that engaged employees are aware of the fundamentals of operation of a given business as well as its objectives and goals. Engaged employees also understand frameworks of practice prescribed by the given organization in ensuring achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization. It is within these contexts that engaged employees work closely with their colleagues to improve job performance and maximize benefits for the given organization. According to McLeod and Clarke, it remains the responsibility of organization and its leadership to establish and nurture employee engagement that builds upon emplo yer-employee interrelationship. Effective employee engagement manifests through three items that include attitude, behavior and outcome. Attitude relates to feelings of loyalty and pride among employees that make them act responsibly and with great accountability. Behavior manifests when employees become great advocates of the individual organizations to clients or make extra efforts to complete a piece of task. Outcomes synonymous with effective employee engagement include low incidents of accident due to enhanced care when performing duties, higher productivity and reduced conflicts. In addition, outcomes also manifest through more innovativeness of employees, lower rates of sickness and few employee exits or resignations. McLeod and Clarke (2011, pg. 4) argue that

Law & Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law & Morality - Essay Example We also ensured that at every meeting we had something new to discuss on. This called for preparation even on our own before we met. We encountered several problems as a team though. A top performer in a group can act as a motivator, was the realization just a few days before the debate. One of our team members had always participated in debates right from his early teens. His enthusiasm influenced all of us to such an extent that most of us realized the potential we carry both in terms of creative thinking and expression of thoughts. This motivated us to work harder towards our goal. Being a part of the team the outcome would depend upon the team dynamics. Working as a team was like a jigsaw puzzle of complimentary parts fitting perfectly together. Teams can bring skills and experience that far exceeds what an individual can do alone. Involvement of all team members encourages innovation and creativity through sharing individual knowledge. Fortunately our group was cohesive and being on the same wave length, communication was smooth. Just as things were going in the right direction, two of the members suddenly dropped out in the last three days without even informing us of their decision not to participate in the debate. Initially this was like a bombshell till we realized that conflicts and problems can have positive outcomes. Since we were disturbed due to lack of communication from their end, we had to postpone the debate by three days. Finally we emerged victorious as we learnt so many things out of the sudden departure of our group members. This conflict or disturbance urged us to work harder. Conflicts have been known to enhance performance and this is precisely what their sudden exit did to our group. Had they carried their personal stress to the team all of us might have been negatively affected. After this, we came closer as a team and decided to keep constantly in touch with each other both

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

See Below - Essay Example Both theories have their merits and demerits. According to Roderick (part 5), Kantian ethics are an empty content. This is because it is dependent on what an individual is willing to will. Utilitarianism too has a problem. The theory seems to infringe on our sense of justice. Also, the two theories seem to ignore so many things in our lives including family, friends, special relations, and other relations that exist. The strong point of Kantian ethics is that they are based on fairness. For example, if executions are to be screened on television, then this might bring greater happiness since it will reduce crime. But, it is not fair to the individual or the individual’s family. Therefore, while Kantian ethics capture fairness, utilitarianism captures real decision making and content. This is because most of our decisions are based on bringing happiness, and hence this makes the theory of utilitarianism more practical and applicable during our everyday

Reporting the Survey on Green Organic Restaurant Research Paper

Reporting the Survey on Green Organic Restaurant - Research Paper Example There are significant challenges pertaining to convincing consumers that Green Organic cafe is introducing a new product, and it is healthy, or it promotes a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, the cafe has to direct, shape and focus on how customers will perceive its new product. How customers see an organization’s brand is not just what their eyes see but what they think and feel (Kotler, Pfoertsch and Michi 187). Green Organic cafe’s main objective is to promote healthy lifestyle by emphasizing on the quality of their product and the uniqueness of raw food. Presently, the raw food trends have less exposure, and are a well-known lifestyle in other parts of the world. There is lack of knowledge about raw food, in Kazakhstan, which might be a constraining force. A negative impression, which will be harder to change, can be created when clients lack information. Therefore, this survey has the main objective of carrying out a thorough market analysis. The study seeks to find ou t the restaurants and cafes in Almaty that are perceived to serve healthy food. Furthermore, the study seeks to establish the level of efficiency of online shopping service in the food industry in Almaty. The main hypothesis of this study is to establish whether there is a relationship between the perceptions of what healthy food is and accepting the new brand/ product, which is raw food. Another hypothesis is that of establishing whether there is a relationship between efficiency of online shopping service in the food industry and acceptance of new brands. Given that there are no traditional or new media channels that Green Organic cafe has used for promotion, the hypotheses will establish whether there is a relationship between online shopping service in the food industry and acceptance of new products and brands introduced by restaurants that are perceived to serve healthy foo

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Organizational Change - Essay Example Failure to anchor the changes on corporate culture makes the change process to fail. Organizational culture is very critical to the success of the change process. As a result, when the management fails to incorporate the organization values and believes, they end up failing to implement changes. One of the major success pillars of change is the understanding and spelling out of the impact of the change process on the people (Burke, 2010). This enables the management to engage all the affected personnel. Effective leadership during the change process provides a base for the change process (Burke, 2010). This is because they are able to communicate effectively to the subordinates and act as role model to them. One of the companies that failed to implement change is Avon. The company failed because some leaders were not in support of the process. In addition, the employees were not involved in the change process. Lastly, there were no clear guidelines to implement the change

Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues in Business Case Study

Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues in Business - Case Study Example In this type of set-up, employees may quit their job anytime and for any, or no or uneven reason and the employers can likewise fire or layoff employees at any time and for any, no or unfair reasons. But employers are limited by exceptions such as if employment termination is in breach of a contract or illegal. This renders the Employment at Will Doctrine inapplicable. The doctrine will not be applicable if the court determines that an employer was guilty of discharging an employee for a discriminatory reason (employeeissues.com, At Will Employment). There are a number of federal laws that protect the employees against discrimination such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (www.eeoc.gov, Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions And Answers). The federal and state laws of the United States forbids employers or companies from discriminating against employees on the basis of their age, race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, disability and physical handicap. The act of discrimination can take place as early as recruiting to discharging of employees (public.findlaw.com, Employee Discrimination). In the case of Elaine, there is a clear case of discrimination because she was just laid off her job without given a reason of termination.

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Global warming - Essay Example Researchers have warned that if the global warming effect is not contained, then life will be virtually impossible in the next three decades to come. As a result, urgent action to mitigate the global warming effect is in the offing. This discourse explores the global warming as an environmental issue in light of the situation, consequences, and solution. The paper will conclude by providing recommendations for the world leaders. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Situation 4 Effects of Global Warming 6 Solution 7 Conclusion and Recommendation 7 References 8 Global Warming Introduction Stoyles, Pentland, and Demant (2003) argue that climate change is one of the most disturbing environmental problems facing the world today. Environmentalists have shown that no planet or country is spared of the devastating effects of climate change. The climate change has mainly been blamed on the global warming effects. Maslin (2007) noted that the change in climate being witnessed i n the world today is attributed to the excessive emissions of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Scientists have shown that greenhouse gases produced from fossil fuels once released to the atmosphere blocks the ozone layer thereby resulting in global warming (Maslin 2007). The impacts of global warming are a big problem to the world today. ... Situation The world is suffering from the devastating effects of climate change. The problem is attributed to global warming that has seen the planet’s average temperatures warm up at an alarming rate. Several studies indicate that the last two decades have been the hottest in four millennia. The global warming problem has resulted in extreme weather patterns, including strong tropical storms, wildfires, prolonged drought, rising sea levels and heat waves just to name but a few (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2012). In fact, the global warming menace has made prediction of weather patterns extremely difficult for weathermen today. According to Ploutz (2011), the level of greenhouse, emissions have increased by at least 70% between 1970 and 2004 due to human activities. This huge increase in pollutants has caused a very big problem to the planet’s natural temperatures. The level of carbon dioxide emissions, for example, has increased by over 80% during the same perio d. Union of Concerned Scientists (2013) noted that the society is emitting more carbon into the atmosphere more than oceans and plants can absorb. According to Shah, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is currently about 385 parts per million (PPM) and keeps increasing by about 2 PPM annually due to the excessive burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas and burning of forests (Ploutz, 2011). The point of no return, according to experts is 450-500 PPM. This implies that we are left by only about three decades before it becomes extremely difficult to breathe natural air. Despite the fact that this may sound a long time, so many people will still be alive by that time. Another report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected

Doctor Faustus Essay Example for Free

Doctor Faustus Essay Born in Canterbury in 1564, Christopher Marlowe was an actor, poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain’s Queen Elizabeth I. Traditionally, the education that he received would have prepared him to become a clergyman, but Marlowe chose not to join the ministry. After leaving Cambridge, Marlowe moved to London, where he became a playwright and led a turbulent, scandal-plagued life. He produced seven plays, all of which were immensely popular. Among the most well known of his plays are Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus. Marlowe was a great innovator of blank verse, unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The richness of his dramatic verse anticipates Shakespeare, and some argue that Shakespeares achievements owed considerable debt to Marlowes influence. Doctor Faustus was probably written in 1592, although the exact date of its composition is uncertain. Doctor Faustus is a play of deep questions concerning morality, religion, and mans relationship to both. England was a Protestant country since the time of Queen Elizabeth Is father, Henry VIII. Sorcery and magic were part of widespread belief systems throughout Europe that predated Christianity. But as Christianity spread and either assimilated or rejected other belief systems, practitioners of magic came to be viewed as evil. In the fifth century CE, St. Augustine, perhaps the most influential Christian thinker after St. Paul, pronounced all sorcery to be the work of evil spirits, to distinguish it from the good magic of Christian ritual and sacrament. The view of the sorcerer changed irrevocably. As this new Christian folklore of sorcery evolved, certain motifs rose to prominence. Once Christ was rejected, a sorcerer could give his soul to the devil instead, receiving in exchange powers in this life, here and now. Numerous Christian stories feature such bargains, and one of the most famous evolved around the historical person Johanned Faustus, a German astrologer of the early sixteenth century. Marlowe took his plot from an earlier German play about Faustus, but he transformed an old story into a powerhouse of a work, one that has drawn widely different interpretations since its first production. Marlowes Doctor Faustus is first great version of the story, although not the last. In the nineteenth century, the great German writer Johann Wolfgang van Goethe gave the story its greatest incarnation in Faust. Faustus name has become part of our language. Faustian bargain has come to mean a deal made for earthly gain at a high ethical and spiritual cost, or alternately any choice with short-lived benefits and a hell of a price.

The Same Story Essay Example for Free

The Same Story Essay Write A Detailed Comparison On The Way Of How A Tabloid Newspaper (The Sun) And A Broadsheet Newspaper (The Times) Treat The Same Story. The purpose of this essay is to write a detailed comparison based on the ways of how different newspapers present their data in order to attract custom. I will be looking closely at the presentation, content and style of a tabloid newspaper (The Sun) and a broadsheet newspaper (The Times). To enable this assessment to be fair, I will be concentrating on a particular event, which happened back in 1986. The article in which I will be focusing on is about an Arab man (Nezar Hindawi) who tried to dupe his pregnant girlfriend. The Arab had planted an explosive in the luggage belonging to his intended wife and sent her as a human time bomb to board a jet containing more than four hundred unsuspecting passengers and crew. Newspaper articles always consists of a subject heading; to attract a reader to a story, subheadings; to guide the reader through the story, and paragraph sections which contain necessary details appropriate for the clarification of the story for the reader it targets. The language and visual appearance are the key factors to the contents of a newspaper, and the editors pride themselves on a politically correct informative style of journalism, suitable for the newspaper they are promoting. The visual appearance is a very important aspect of both a tabloid and a broadsheet newspaper layout, as it has to capture the publics eye. If it fails to do this, there will be a decline in public interests and sales would decrease through loss of custom. The standards of the newspaper should be of the same quality each time it comes off the press, otherwise the public turn towards other companies. The consistency of this standard is vital to the consumer who expects a particular style. Newspaper companies often run the beginning of the story on the front page and continue it on a later page. The importance of the story is usually included in the information given on the front page. The story about the human time bomb hit the front pages of the Sun and The Times. The two companies displayed the story in extremely different ways. The Sun used most of the space on the front page for this article. The size of a tabloid newspaper is suitable to fit into small places, and it does not create the problem of folding over when being read, like a broadsheet does. The only other information featured on the page was an advertisement for the Sam Frocks Collection and another for the i 50,000 Bingo prize for that days winner. The journalists managed to fill it with a big, bold WANTED sign stretching from one side of the page to the other as well as a quarter page black and white picture of the Arab, and a twenty-one worded headline placed just above the tiny amount of text that was squashed into the bottom corner. To make the headline eyecatching the W. O. B technique was used. W. O. B is an abbreviation for White On Black. This is effective because it darkens the space around the writing enabling the words to make a dramatic appearance. This technique was used in three different places throughout the front page. It is used in the papers name appearance, the advert featured and the headline of the Arab story. In comparison, The Times displayed many of their articles on the front page. The Times is able to provide more detailed stories, as it is longer and wider than The Sun. Broadsheets are often carried under the arm, as they are too big to store in a handbag or suitcase. The Arab rat article was placed at the top of the page in a tiny space. The other information included on the page is an advertisement for Swindon Enterprise, a cartoon caption and articles such as England Down And Out, Pledge On Terror Even At Cost Of Life, Thousands Seek To Flee Tripoli. Within the space provided for this story the editor inserted a small picture of the Arab, with a caption just beneath it, a headline, a sub headline, and the text. The picture in The Times used for the article was the same picture as the editor of the Sun had used. The only difference between the two photographs is the size.

Coca cola Company, Changes and challenges

Coca cola Company, Changes and challenges The main objective of this work is to provide necessary knowledge about business environment. To elaborate the demographic, cultural, political, social, environmental, technological, economical and legal environment where business function. It also explains the relationship among business, environment and society as well as how to adopt the changing environment in the organization. This paper will analyse the changes and challenges in Coca Cola Company in last five years and how company deal with them. 2. Introduction Environment means the influences, circumstances, constraints and opportunities that surround and affect business organization. There are two kinds of environment micro environmental factor and macro environmental factor. Internal factors close to the organization called macro environment. It can be controlled by organization. Micro environmental factor affects the company ¿Ã‚ ½s decision making process and performance. These factors include consumers, suppliers, and competitors. The external factors which affect organization ¿Ã‚ ½s plans and strategies called macro environment. It is uncontrolled by the business organization. Which includes Political, economic, technological, social, environmental and legal factors. These factors are outside of the control of business. New laws, demography changes, tax changes government policy changes are the example of macro change. The successful management must be capable to adapting to the environment. It is important for an organization to know about business environment it helps to a business organization to develop its strategies and long term policy, knowing about the changing environment will keep the organization dynamic in its approach. (Saikh 2006). Moreover, it is important for business organization to analysis business environment and changes in different factors of environment such as, change in technological environment, economical environment. In decision making process, organization analysis various alternatives and choose the best one. It gives information to decision makers. It helps an organization to develop strategies and policies, understanding about changing environment help to diversify the business in new area and keep company dynamic (Jain et al 2009). In addition, changing in business environment impact on organization by making effective use of PESTEL business organization can take advantages of changing environment and make strategic plans for threats. PESTEL analysis is the most popular method which focuses on external factors of business where it operates. It is beneficial tools for understand the growth and decline of the market, direction for the operations, opportunities and business position. SWOT analys is is a tool that recognizes the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of business organization. This analysis answer the two questions, where is organization at present? And In what direction organization is going? To identify of SWOT analysis is important for business organization because succeeding in planning process for achieving the company ¿Ã‚ ½s goal. 3. Organisation Description and background The Coca Cola Company is the most valuable brand name and world ¿Ã‚ ½s largest non alcoholic beverage company. This company was founded in 1886 in united state of America. Now it operates in more than 200 countries. Coca cola also distributes juice, energy drinks, water, and coffee. The company has partnership with more than 300 bottling and canning company worldwide. Who produce and sell coca cola beverages worldwide. The bottling partners are responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives, handle manufacturing and merchandising. John pemberrtion invented the original recipe of cocawine. Which was inspired by vin mariani, a popular cocawine invented by Angelo mariani. John Pemberton developed coca cola which was non alcoholic version of cocawine. When Pemberton was making drinks for his friend accidently he added carbonated water. His friend liked the test and he adjusts the formula. In 1888 company sold by three companies. Calder purchased one company with exclusive rights to the cocla cola formula from Woolfolk Walker, margate dozier and john Pemberton cut out of competition. In 1982 company started marketing the product and achieved status of national icon for the USA by its 50th anniversary. Coca cola started sold bottles in 1894 and cans in 1955. In 1899 Coca Cola Company made first bottling agreement with Chattanooga and Tennessee. In 1985, company introduce new coke by changing original formula. Most consumers preferred the test of original coca cola. Many people stop to buy the Product then company sh ift back to its original Formula. 4. Coca Cola Business Environment Over the past years, Coca Cola Company has faced lots of changes in the business environment. Company create counterpart with American sweet test product however, it was commercial failure and coca cola change its strategy and return back to its old formula. Consumers become more health conscious then company lunch new product to address consumer needs, such as diet coke and coca cola zero. Company bought bottling business in South Korea which allow to access in retail store as well as makes easy to entry in Japan, Malaysia and china. Moreover, china is now largest coke consumer in world. In 2007 coca cola output of coke in china was 3.6bn tons and it was export 15.3 m tons. By the end of 2007 coke total production in china was 360 million tons. In addition, from 2008 to 2009 company introduced new plant which capacity was 20 million tons. The target of china ¿Ã‚ ½s coke industry is export large quantity of production countries such as, India, Brazil, Belgium and Japan. In 2007, china export to Japan 22% of its total production. This report shows development and positive change in environment of coke ¿Ã‚ ½s industry in china. (China daily, newspaper website) 4.1 Political factors: Coca cola, the non alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA (food and drugs administration) and government has power to set fine for the coca cola company that didn ¿Ã‚ ½t meet their standard law requirement. The charges in laws and regulations, such as taxation requirements, environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions can affect to their entry in foreign land. The changes in non alcoholic beverage Business Company might get pricing pressures, competitive product and their ability to maintain the share in global market. In international market if government change frequently their might be restriction to transfer funds from one country to another. However Coca Cola Company is fallowing the rules and regulation set by government. Since last two years government is so conscious about the environment. Company adjustments in planets and proper way of wastage settlement the chance of affected by the protection laws are decline. Political conditions are overall leave natu ral effects on coca cola industry. It impact good for the cock ¿Ã‚ ½s reputation. 4.2 Economical factors: Economic analysis explores national and world economy impact as well as inflation and recession. Economic factors are those factors that affect the production and sales of the company. If the economy condition is not good at that time coke decide to increase its price it would impact very negative in the production of Coke. Non alcoholic beverage industry has highly sales outside the USA. There has been improvement in soft drink Company in major international markets like Brazil, Germany and Japan. These markets play great role to growth of non alcoholic industry. The country like Pakistan where is the unemployment rate is very much high. In Pakistan coca cola company employs1800 people. During the last two years, the company in Pakistan has involved $130 million. If economic variables are positive of country it impact good otherwise the impact is bad. 4.3 Social factors: Many people are spending healthier lifestyle. Change in lifestyle, population growth rate and carrier attitudes affect non alcoholic industry so that many people like to have bottle water and colas instead of beer. The need of healthy products, bottle water, and juice is more important in the daily life. Consumers from the age of 37 to 55 are more concerned with nutrition. Older age people are becoming more concerned with increasing their long life. This kind of social trend can affect on demand of non alcoholic beverage industry. Increase in awareness among consumer and modern life style might be challenge to the coca cola company. However, company recognized the consumer ¿Ã‚ ½s needs and began to produce diet coke, like beverage, juice and sport drinks. Many nutritionists advise that maximum consumption of coca cola might be harmful to health especially to young children. Drinking of coca cola daily can effect on health after few years. 4.4 Technology factors: The technology of television and internet which affects companies advertising, marketing and promotional programs. Media advertise product attractively it helps to increase sales of the product. Introduction of plastic bottles and cans have increased the sales of coca cola. It is easy to use and bin them. The advancement in technology led to company crate new product like cherry cock in 1985 but consumer prefers original test of coca cola so that some time technology can affect badly. Coca Cola Company introduces new technology all the time because of introduction of new machine company ¿Ã‚ ½s production level increase tremendously. Ardagh glass is the latest technological achievement by Coke Company which is environmentally friendly bottle. It has won several awards for its light weight. 4.5 Environmental factors: Coca cola focused on energy management, water stewardship and climate protection. The company made progress in these areas but company has lot of things to do. In 2007, company used approximately 300 billion liters of water to produce beverage coke is among the world ¿Ã‚ ½s largest purchasers of fructose corn syrup, sugar, coffee, citrus. It has largest consumers of cans and bottles. At the same time company announced to return to communities and nature. An amount of water equal how much company used to produce their beverage. Now company has three objective 1. Recycle the water so it can be return safely to the environment. 2. Reduce the water consumption level in manufacturing process. 3. Refill the water in communities through a global network of local partnership. While the coca cola come up with advance recycling programs company decides through education they can prevent Littre. Company support keep Australia beautiful in Australia, keep America beautiful in USA and tidy Britain group in Britain. Weather and changes in temperature can affect many industries such as coke. Company also invested on fashionable outfits which are made by recycle polyethylene terephthalate bottles. 4.6 Legal factors: Laws, political changes affect firm ¿Ã‚ ½s behaviour. An increase in the minimum wages of labour and more requirements for firms can influence organisation productivity. Sometime change in laws also creates new opportunities for the company. There are some legal issue that Coca Cola Company had faced in recent years. In 1970 ¿Ã‚ ½s coca cola company refuse to share its formula to India therefore company stop to product locally for 16 years. EU member ¿Ã‚ ½s countries ban the coca cola due to the poisoning of 100 children in Belgium and cause seems to be wrong carbon dioxide which was used in coca cola. In 2003, non government organisation in India said coca cola contained toxins with lindane, and malathion that may caused breakdown of immune system and cancer. In India (kerala), the production of coke along with other soft drinks was banded. 5. Changes and Challenges: The non alcoholic industry is competitive. Company should carefully consider below factors which affect financial condition and its future result. Awareness may reduce demand of coke: Government officials and consumers are more concerned and aware about health. Many press reports indicate that lawyers and consumer advocates have threatened by company. Furthermore, misleading exercise related to contract to sell soft drink in school. Consumers are more aware about these issues and negative publicity in media may reduce the sales of carbonated beverage. Increase in competition: The non alcoholic beverage industry is highly competitive. Coke have to compete with international companies as we as local companies where it function. In many countries where coke operates including USA, Pepsi is a primary competitor in the market. Coke ¿Ã‚ ½s capability to maintain the sales of share or get profit in the global market or various local markets may be limited because of competitors. Water scarcity and poor quality Water is main ingredient for Coca Cola Company. Many part of the world it is also limited resources. Company consume huge amount of water per year. Demand of water increase around the world and quality of available water decline this will increase the production cost of the company and affect on profit. Change in non alcoholic beverages business environment: The business of non alcoholic beverage has been changing because of Consumers life style, emerging views of health and nutrition, changing consumer needs and preferences, increase in similar products and price factor. Furthermore, the beverage industry is being affected by the intermediates, especially in USA and European countries. If Coca Cola Company is not able to change along with changing business environment it will effect on company ¿Ã‚ ½s profit and sales of share. Increasing in cost of energy: Coca cola Company ¿Ã‚ ½s bottling partners operates huge number of trucks and other vehicles as well as they use large quantity of electricity, gas and other energy sources to function the bottling company. Day by day price of fuel is increasing it will increase in the production cost of coca cola company. So it will affect the company ¿Ã‚ ½s profit. Weather condition: Weather influence the sales of the coca cola where company function. In summer more people prefer cold drinks such as juice and sprite however, in winter the demand of product decrease. Some part of world where most of month ¿Ã‚ ½s temperature is always high in those places consumption of coca cola is maximum. Change is important, long-lasting and disruptive Changes in company create some opportunities as well as challenges in new areas of business. Such as, lunch fresh product in the market, company might encounter with economic crisis and to change the direction of the organization. Change is continuous process to adjustment: Change in plans strategies and operations are important for company. Furthermore, sharing these changes to managers, supervisors and all level employees make able to them adjust properly to face the changing environment. Moreover, change is an essential phase in the business world mainly in technology. Use of technologies in coca Cola Company reduces the operation cost and increase the profit of the company. There are so many situations company need to change such as advancement in technology that is being used by other similar companies to compete with them company should adopt the technology. In 2007 coca cola modify their product due to people are more concern about health and fitness. Many people are investing more money in their health in order to cope with that trend coke lunch their new product named Enviga, which is calories burning drink. In addition, Coca Cola Company is ties up with Nestle. Both companies are dealing with invation and change. In same year, company change in organisational structure to fulfil the demand and need of the consumers through assimilating with North American can, bottle and juice company. 6. Conclusion: The coca Cola Company keep on refresh everybody its touches. The product of company has multiply to approach of cultural gratitude and understand, this is main key factor that company introduce its product worldwide. Company entry and development in international market will be faster. Coke ¿Ã‚ ½s commitment to remain at changing environment proved that they are the superior among other non alcoholic product. Awareness of environmental issues and health care might impact on the sales of the company however; creative idea and strategy help to grow the business. Coke has developed the entire vital component to expand their business in long term. 7. Recommendation Reward system is an effective technique to motive employee in changing environment of the organisation. Coca Cola Company should apply reward system to its employees so that it will increase in productive and sales. Reward system can be financial or non financial nevertheless, company have to give fair importance to all level employees. Reward system of coke must be functional to make employees devoted to organizational goals. In addition, Training and development programme must be use to groom career of their employees at top to bottom level. Coca Cola Company has to declare some amount of money for training and development purpose. Monthly training session raise the productivity of the organization. Relationship with consumer is vital for Coke Company in some country where Business is controlled by the authorities, in those countries there is a lack of consumer relationship which need to improve. Coke need to market segmentation in new country where company is planning to introduce the product because consumer ¿Ã‚ ½s need, test is different from another country. By doing market segmentation company can serve effectively to its consumers. Demographic factor should be considered by Coca Cola Company. Culture, tradition and characteristics of consumer in new country might be different; it gives information to the company to change certain plans. There are some factors such as climate, test and culture Affect Company directly or indirectly so individual company need to apply their own strategic and management style to increase the sales of coca cola.  ¿Ã‚ ½Dividing a market in to direct groups of buyers who might require separate marketing mixes; the process of classifying consu mers into groups with different needs, characteristics and behaviour ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kotler, 2001). Ref. Sheikh, s.2006 Business environment press sanat printers New Delhi By TR Jain, Mukesh Trehan, Ranju Trehan 2009 business environment(http://books.google.com/books?id=AgWNmP4blhoCpg=PA21dq=what+is+business+environmenthl=enei=WRdcTM-lKIi74gaos5HwAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepageqf=false Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of Marketing (9th Ed.). Prentice-Hall India Kotler, 2001 p. 46). http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2005/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_01ab.pdf By TR Jain, Mukesh Trehan, Ranju Trehan 2009 business environment(http://books.google.com/books?id=AgWNmP4blhoCpg=PA21dq=what+is+business+environmenthl=enei=WRdcTM-lKIi74gaos5HwAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepageqf=false http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2009-07/13/content_8420666.htm

Different Types Of Discrimination And Coping Social Work Essay

Different Types Of Discrimination And Coping Social Work Essay This essay discusses on the different types of discrimination and the different coping strategies or behaviours used. The Oxford Dictionary defined discrimination as the unwarranted or hurtful treatment of different groups of people, especially on the grounds of gender, race or age. Coping is defined as a change in cognitive and behaviour to evade harmful event. Discrimination affects an individual physically, mentally and emotionally. Studies have shown that discrimination can lead to depression. However, there have been various coping behaviours that have been identified to help victims of discrimination. Further studies need to be conducted to address other types of discriminations such as old age, disabled, workplace and others. Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Gender Discrimination, Coping Behaviours Discrimination and Coping Discrimination has been present for hundreds and hundreds of years. Discrimination is defined as the unwarranted or hurtful treatment of different groups of people, especially on the basis of gender, race or age by the Oxford Dictionary. Acts of discrimination can be witnessed through many historical events such as the Holocaust, where the Jews were discriminated and murdered because the Germans believed that they were superior. Not only that but, the blacks were also a target of discriminatory acts during the Civil War where they were forced to become slaves. However, there are various ways to cope with discrimination. Coping is defined as a change in cognitive and behaviour to evade harmful events (Rantanen, Mauno, Kinnunen Rantanen, 2011). There are many causes of discrimination. In the western world, history is marked by BC and AD, however there was a third category which is 9/11. 9/11 marked a very tragic day in the history of United States as that was the day when the al-Qaeda launched an attack on the United States by hijacking planes and crashing them into the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Post 9/11 witnessed a rapid increase and all time high report of discrimination, hate crimes and religion profiling (Ahluwalia Pellettiere, 2010). Many Sikhs became the target of prejudicial and discriminatory act as they resembled the appearance of the terrorist whom wore turbans. Turbans are worn by the Sikh as a sign of faith. Therefore the Sikhs became the target of racial discrimination due to the media constantly and continuously portraying images of suspected terrorist wearing turbans. (Ahluwalia Pellettiere, 2010). Not only that, but it was mandatory that baptized Sikhs carry a kirpan. Kirpans are dagger liked shaped and is a symbol of peace and truth. There were such cases where the Sikhs residing in United States were sacked, downgraded, placed under probation and even came across false criminal charges due to them carrying the kirpan (Ahluwalia Pellettiere, 2010). Due such unexpected events occurring, the Sikhs were forced to go against all their believes in order to lead a risk-free life. No stones were left unturned post 9/11 as the innocent Sikh children experienced the backlash of this event. Majority of the Sikh students in New York testified to being abused at schools due to their religion and country of origin (Ahluwalia Pellettiere, 2010). The September 11 attacks did not only impact the lives of the Sikhs in the United States in a negative way, but also the Muslims. A good number of atrocities took place on the streets, in convenience stores, petrol stations, educational institutions and at mosques (Abu-Raiya, Pargament Mahoney, 2011). Many Muslims reported that they stayed indoors as they feared that they would be a victim of hate crime. Not only that, but many Muslims were concerned about their future in the country (Abu-Raiya et al., 2011). Due to the sudden change in their environment, the Sikhs and Muslims had to find various coping methods to overcome these negative outcomes. Various research discovered that the Sikh would seek out assistance from their family, community and faith before pursuing mental health facilities (Ahluwalia Pellettiere, 2010). The pious Sikhs seek assistance from their holy scripture the Guru Granth Sahib. This holy scripture taught them to oppress the feeling of being a victim and take control of the situation when undergoing superficial suffering such as discrimination and biasness. On the other hand, there were many Sikh men who decided that they could no longer handle the constant abuse and discrimination and made drastic changes against their culture such as cutting their hair and choosing to not wear turbans. Similar to the Sikhs, the Muslims depended extensively on coping method related to religion such as reciting scriptures, praying and forgiveness. Research evidence found that religious behaviour increased post 9/11 attacks. There were two patterns in regard to religious coping; one pattern was positive religious coping methods and another was negative religious coping methods (Abu-Raiya et al., 2011). Researchers concluded that positive religious coping resulted in posttraumatic development whereas negative religious coping resulted in loneliness and mental instability (Abu-Raiya et al., 2011) Asian Americans were also a target of discriminatory act pre 9/11. From way back then when Asians first stepped foot in America till now they have been faced with racism and discrimination. One might consider that discrimination against Asian-Americans might reduce as their population gets larger, however, that is not accurate. Asian-Americans are faced with discrimination on a day-to-day basis right from discriminatory terms to physical abuse (Yoo Lee, 2005). Research validates that ethnic identity operates as a vital psychological asset that allows ethnic and racial minorities to fight against racial discrimination (Yoo Lee, 2005). Therefore, we can see that having a strong ethnic identity and believe in ones culture can help an individual overcome discrimination. Another study investigated the relationship between racial discrimination stress and depressive symptoms and various coping strategies. Research suggested that the understanding of the intricacy in the involvement between perceived discrimination and health can be broadened by combining other factors into the model (Wei, Heppner, Ku, Liao, 2010). Racism and discrimination can negatively have an impact on the psychological health of their victims. Asian Americans very often encounter prejudicial insults, intentionally and unintentionally ( Alvarez Juang, 2010). Continuous exposure to such insults and actions can take a toll on a person. It was reported that continuous taunting were positively correlated with depression ( Alvarez Juang, 2010). The level of coping with discrimination can be influenced by several extrinsic factors such as how frequent the discrimination occurs, the period discrimination occurs and the various types of coping behaviours either before or after the event. Research evidence also presented a previous study that was conducted by Noh and colleagues (1999, 2003) whom investigated both the individualistic coping behaviour of the Western culture (active coping) and the collectivistic coping behaviour of the Eastern culture (forbearance coping) (Wei et al., 2010). Noh and Kaspar (2003) identified that active coping helped decrease the perceived racial discrimination on depression for Korean Canadian immigrants. It can be concluded that Asian Americans should learn to practice active coping strategies by viewing the stressor in a positive way that will help develop their mental health. Approach-type coping is another coping strategy that can be utilized to overcome the after effects of discrimination. This is then categorized into three common forms which are social support seeking, cognitive restructuring and problem solving.Social support seeking is defined participating in behaviour directed at gaining emotional support from others (Yoo Lee, 2005). For example, an individual should open up about how they are feeling instead of oppressing everything inside. Another type of coping strategy is cognitive restructuring. Cognitive restructuring is defined as tactics that alter the significance of the harmful event and make an effort to perceive it in a positive way (Yoo Lee, 2005). For example, an individual should view a discriminatory act as motivating and not de-motivating. Not only that, but problem solving is another coping strategy that is defined as participating in behaviour oriented at solving an issue (Yoo Lee, 2005). Similar to other studies, families play a very crucial role in helping victims of discrimination cope with their lives. Asian Americans have a tendency to cope with racial discrimination by communicating and socializing with their family members (Wei et al., 2010). Many cultures have faith in their religion and often turn to spiritual coping. However, it was discovered that Asian Americans did not patronize their religion and spirituality and reported it to be not constructive in coping with discrimination (Wei et al., 2010). This could be due to Asian Americans feeling more comfortable and protected with verbal support as compared to spiritual and mental support. Other studies reported different types of coping behaviour. One study extensively classified coping as either problem focused or emotion focused. Problem-focused coping would require a confrontation with the offender whereas, emotion-focused coping would require pursuing social support (Alvarez Juang, 2010). Workplace sexual harassment is also a form of discrimination. Woman are more prone to this type of discrimination as they are often seen as the weaker half. Sexual harassment has been proved to negatively affect workers psychological and physical health. Not only that, but it has been identified that sexual harassment ended with female workers undergoing deterioration in their physical and emotional well-being ( Schneider, Swan Fitzgerald, 1997). Female workers often turn to various coping strategies to cope with workplace discrimination. Research implies that women do not use direct coping strategies such as confronting the harasser. Not only that, but it is proven that female students who undergo workplace discrimination often change plans, change workplace in order to avoid being further discriminated (Schneider et al., 1997) Another discrimination that should be addressed other than racial discrimination is sexual discrimination. The current era has a predisposed thought that same-sex couples are very distinct from heterosexual couples. To the contrary, the faithful relationships of same-sex couples are recognized by same or parallel characteristics of heterosexual couples. However, many same-sex couples are distinguished by stigma and are confronted with discriminatory acts countless times (Rotosky, Riggle, Gray Hatton, 2007). Many individuals are not able to accept the fact that the number of same-sex couples is growing and it will soon become a common thing around the world. Just because two people of the same gender love each other does not make them any less of a human. In spite of this, same-sex couples undergo tremendous amount of discrimination from their family and religion. Religious and legal institutions have discriminated same-sex couples by saying that they are going to burn in hell because of their intimate relationship. These institutions that are the basics of every culture does not want to recognize that two people of the same gender can have an intimate bond (Rotosky et al., 2007). When the discrimination against same-sex couples started becoming more and more prolific, it took a toll on them. These couples found it difficult to carry on with their everyday lives as their community and people around them made them feel like they were a cursed human-being. These couples had to gradually find ways to cope with this growing problem. The first step to coping for various couples was self-acceptance, by accepting themselves as sexual minority and seeing their relationship in a positive way. Another step was by originating a support systems made up of family members, friends and other same-sex couples (Rotosky et al., 2007). The studies aforementioned discuss racial discrimination and sexual discrimination and the various coping strategies to cope with it. In order to improve the understanding of discrimination and its detrimental effect on an individuals health, further studies needs to be conducted. Not only that, but other types of discrimination such as discrimination against the old age, discrimination against the disabled, workplace discrimination and others should be addressed.

The Impact Of Oil Spills Biology Essay

The Impact Of Oil Spills Biology Essay An oil spill can be defined as the accidental release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the surroundings or the environment due to human activity. An oil spill is a form of pollution that has devastating effects on the environment. The term oil spill is sometimes used to refer to marine oil spills where there is a release of oil into the ocean, coastal waters or any other water body. On the land the oil spills are usually restricted and their impact can be eliminated quite easily compared to marine oil spills. The main cause of marine oil spills is associated with the oil transportation by tankers and oil pipes which makes up of about 70 percent of all the oil spills. The remaining percent of oil spills comes from offshore drilling, wells and spills of refined petroleum products such as petrol and diesel and also their by products. The occurrence of large and catastrophic spills that can release up to 30,000 tons of oil or even more is relatively rare. The frequency of such events in recent times had gone down perceptibly. But this took a different turn when we experienced the worse and largest oil spill ever recorded in history, the deep water horizon oil spill also known as the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the BP oil spill. Though some oil spills may not be as extensive or worse like the BP oil spill they still possess the capability to cause serious ecological risks to sea birds and mammals. The result is the long term environmental disturbances that occur in coastal zones. Oil spills also have an impact on the economic activities of the people that depend on the sea for a livelihood. Public outcry over oil spills has led to the coming up of impressive technical, political and also legal experiences in managing oil spills. Causes There are various factors that can lead to oil spills which range from accidents, carelessness to deliberate dumping. Tanker accidents are one of the popular causes of oil spills. Tankers can sometimes crash or run into un- expected land causing a crack or hole that allows oil to escape. They are highly publicized by the media and they release large volumes of oil into the oceans. Globally only a small percentage of oil spills occur as a result of tanker accidents such as explosions, hull failure, running aground or even collisions. Tanker accidents result in oil spills that are very harmful because of the large volumes of oil released at once. This poses a serious threat to the lives of marine animals and also sea birds. The spillage of oil due to a loading or unloading problem is another category of tanker accidents. This kind of spillage is the most frequent of the oil spills. Statistics show that between 1974 and 1998 there were 3,000 such accidents. However in comparison to acci dents caused by collisions or groundings, their destruction is relatively minor. Another cause of oil spills that is very common is known as runoff from the land. Engines that are land based e.g. car engines function on petroleum fuel and also petroleum based lubricants. The engines slowly release these substances leading to their accumulation on roads and in the ground. These minor everyday spills and leaks of oil from automobiles end up poisoning the soil. The motor oil can also find its way down through storm drains into sewers which drain into rivers and eventually out into the sea. Natural seepage is another cause of oil spills especially in the oceans. When the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tectonic plates move sometimes they release oil from the reserves trapped deep within the ocean floor. Human activities in the ocean such as drilling can also accelerate natural seepage. Natural seepage rarely happens on land and when it does ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not much of a concern. The reason why natural seepage is disastrous to the ocean is because of the fact that oil is less dense than water, thus when released by the undersea tectonic disturbances it will always float leading to major oil spills. Oil extraction is another cause of oil spill. As oil is extracted from underground reserves it is often spilled in land and also in the sea depending on where it is been extracted from. To test a newly tapped oil well, the oil is allowed to flow out forming a geyser of oil spewing into the sky and all of that oil is allowed to spill. Accidents also do occur regularly in the oil extraction wells resulting in spillage (Stille 7) Oil shipping trucks and pipelines are another cause for oil spills. Pipelines that transport oil underground can develop cracks and leaks over a period of time which allows oil to flow into the environment. These leaks can be as a result of natural catastrophes such as hurricanes and earthquakes. They can also result from poor maintenance resulting in structural failure or from deliberate vandalism and attacks. Tanks or oil shipping trucks can be involved in road accidents thereby instigating an oil spill. Majority of this causes are as a result of human error or carelessness which fall under controlled factors. Oil spills may also occur due to machinery breakdowns, illegal dumping of oil and also intentional spillages. Effects Oil spills can have an impact on the environment, the economy, health and also the society as a whole. These effects can be long lasting and hard to get away with. Many oil spills have been documented in the scientific and technical literature though not all of the effects of oil pollution are completely understood and documented, an indication of the possible scale duration of damage can usually be found in the information available. However it can also be difficult to present a balanced view of the realities of oil spills given the fact that they are highly charged. Also the emotional nature of a spill and its aftermath can bring difficulties. Oil spills result in both immediate and long term damage to the environment. Some of the damages that oil spills cause on the environment can last for decades after the spill occurs. There are various notable effects caused by oil spills on the environment. Harsh effects that oil has on the coastline or shoreline are the highly visible parts of an oil spill. Unless a concerted effort to clean up the shoreline is made the oil basically stays on the shore until the weather and time breaks it down a process that is extremely slow. The gooey mass that makes up an oil slick will litter the shoreline with an ugly black tar making it very dangerous since the shoreline is where much marine life is concentrated. Shorelines provide nurseries for fish and marine life, by contaminating the shoreline the oil possess a threat and are dangerous to the marine life in the area (walker 20). Marine mammals such as dolphins, seals, whales and sea otters are killed by oil spills. The damage done to these animals can take different forms. The blow holes of whales of dolphins and whales are sometimes blocked by the oil making it hard for these animals to breathe properly and also to communicate effectively. Oil also coats the fur of otters and seals leaving them vulnerable to hypothermia. If the animals are able to escape these immediate effects the oil spill causes damage to their food supply by contaminating it. When the animals eat fish that has been poisoned by the oil spill they die or experience other problems. Oil spills take a deadly blow on the fish, shellfish and any other marine life. Sea birds are largely affected by oil spills and are seen as among some of the most vulnerable animals of open seas. Any oil spill in the ocean offers a death sentence to the sea birds. Some may relocate if they sense danger on time. However birds that dive into the waters for their food or gather on the sea surface are faced with the danger of being covered with oil. Most of the sea birds die from drowning, starvation and also from loss of body heat due to the destruction of the birdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feathers by oil. Some birds also die after ingesting oil during attempts to clean themselves. Oil spills leave long term damage to animal species, their habitats, nesting and breeding grounds that these animals need for their survival. This is one of the most far devastating environmental effects of oil spills. Though some species spend their lives at sea such as turtles they always come ashore to lay their eggs. Oil can harm these creatures if they encounter it either on the beaches where they nest or at sea. The eggs will be destroyed by the oil and fail to develop properly. Oil spill will have an effect on the economy in a negative way. The impact can range from loosing oil through the cost of cleaning and also the cost incurred due to lost productivity in certain industries due to the damage of shorelines and beaches. Direct economic costs brought about by oil spills can include the actual loss of oil from the spill. These direct costs will be small if the spill is small. In the case of a larger spill the costs will be much higher. The damage to the wildlife brought about by the oil spill will bring about costs incurred while cleaning the birds. The cost in lost fisheries will be another cost brought about by oil spills. Oil spills destroy beaches leading to a loss in tourism in areas where beaches and nearby oceans cannot be accessed. This leads to lower tourist revenues. Cleaning an oil spill is an expensive job and will take a heavy economic toll on the company spilling the oil and also its insurers (Nardo 33). During an oil spill the clean up the workers come into contact with chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Research has shown an increase in respiratory symptoms, headaches, eye irritation and skin problems among the clean up workers. Mental studies done to people exposed to oil spills reveal that these individuals are likely to suffer from anxiety, post traumatic stress and also depression. Studies reveal an increase in DNA damage in people exposed to oil spills. Other potential long term risks to human health as a result of oil spills include lung, kidney and liver damage. The society will also suffer from an oil spill in that they will be loss of jobs due to the destruction of various industries by the oil spill. This leads to many families going without food and also some people may be mentally affected by the sudden loss of job. Due to the health issues that arise due to oil spills, families may find themselves with sick people to cater for which they had not expected (Al azraki). Solutions Solutions are needed on ways in which we can deal with the devastating effects of oil spills. As we have seen oil spills do much damage to the environment, Human health and also the economy. Some of the ways to deal with an oil spill include skimming which happens to be a popular method. It involves cleaning oil spills by skimming the oil from the water using skimming equipment with fine filtering instruments. The oil spill will first be contained using booms, after which the oil that has collected into a slick is skimmed from the surface. Another method that offers solution to the problem is natural degradation. If oil does not pose a threat to the shoreline or the marine life the best way to deal with the spill is to allow the oil to break on its own. The use of dispersants is another method that can offer solutions. These are chemicals (dispersants) that break down the tension that keeps water and oil separated. The oil will collect in smaller droplets and sink allowing greater na tural breakdown. Another method that can be of help is to release biological agents into the water to help bring about breakdown. These agents include nitrogen and phosphorous which promote bacteria in the water helping the oil to disperse and breakdown naturally. Measures taken Oil spill prevention can pose a challenge, but there are measures that can be adopted that can either prevent oil spills from happening altogether or they can provide a degree of damage control. These will require preparedness and also continuous improvement in each and every phase of operation where oil is produced, transported, stored or even marketed. Oil exploration and production facilities should adopt advanced technologies, materials and also practices. They should also ensure that they have multi backup systems for support in case of anything. Oil pipelines will employ computers, electromagnetic tools and also ultrasonic devices that will help in detecting weak spots on the pipe so that they can be repaired before a leak develops. Compared to years before marine vessels and terminals are being designed differently compared, tankers now are being built with double hulls. The storage tanks are being constructed with special materials so as to avoid corrosion. These prevention m easures are not only in the oil industry but consumers also play an important role in ensuring that oils and other fuels are out of the environment. They are expected to observe proper handling methods and disposal practices (zdrazil) Conclusion In conclusion we know that oil plays a vital role in our lives which means that life as we know it would be hard without oil. Despite this oil spills have devastating effects on our environment, health and also economy leading to many of us calling for an alternative source of energy that can replace oil. Before a replacement for oil is discovered, human beings will have to continue to enjoy the benefits offered by oil and also suffer from the effects of oil such oil spills.